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What is it "dry eye" and how to treat it?

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Bryla P.

Okulistyka Weterynaryjna. e-kwartalnik dla lekarzy i studentów weterynarii

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2012

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nr 3

Suche zapalenie spojówek i rogówki u zwierząt (KCS) powstaje na skutek zubożonej produkcji łez, co skutkuje ich niedoborem. Choroba objawia się wysuszeniem powierzchni oka. Oko jest zaczerwienione, zwierzę odczuwa świąd. Pojawiają się na powierzchni rogówki keratopatie. Schorzenie występuje u psów, kotów a nawet koni. W miarę trwania choroby, wokół oczu na powierzchni powiek, odkłada się ropna wydzielina. Istnieje wiele przyczyn powodujących taki stan. Głównie są to zaburzenia natury immunologicznej, wady wrodzone, urazy, reakcje polekowe, infekcje wirusowe oraz zaburzenia hormonalne. Rozpoznanie choroby odbywa się za pomocą testu łzowego Schirmera (STT). Leczenie polega na podawaniu preparatów nawilżających oko oraz leków stymulujących produkcję łez (cyclosporyna A, tacrolimus). W przypadku, gdy leczenie takie nie przynosi oczekiwanych rezultatów, można zastosować zabieg transpozycji przewodu ślinianki.

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Alterations in brain development in rats treated with immunosuppresant drugs Sandimmune and Prograf and their vehicle components

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Uram L., Gzielo-Jurek K., Janeczko K., Kielbinski M., Setkowicz Z.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2013

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tom 73

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nr 1

Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus are powerful immunosuppressants used as post-operation medication after allogenic transplantations. Unfortunately, the drugs Sandimmune (cyclosporin A) and Prograf (tacrolimus) exhibit negative side effects. These side effects may be linked not only to the active ingredients themselves, but also to the vehicle used for their delivery – Cremophor EL and/or ethanol. Sandimmune, Prograf, ethanol, Cremophor EL or Cremophor EL with ethanol (i.e. the complete vehicle) in a saline solution were administered to male Wistar rats either on 6th and 7th or 30th and 31st day postnatally. The functional changes in the nervous system elicited by these substances were assessed by observing the intensity of seizures induced by a single i.p. injection of pilocarpine at 60th postnatal day. Brain anatomy was also analyzed by comparing brain mass, lateral ventricle relative area, thickness of cerebral hemisphere wall, relative size of the hippocampus as well as total density of cresyl violet-stained neurons in the cerebral hemisphere walls between control and experimental animals. Our data point to a significant effect of all tested substances on central nervous system development. The greatest effects on seizure severity and brain structure were associated with the complete vehicle. Such effects (although less sever) were also observed for Cremophor EL and ethanol given separately.

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The influence of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308G>A polymorphism on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients after kidney transplantation

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Kotowski M., Bogacz A., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J., Sienko J., Procyk D., Dziewanowski K., Ostrowski M., Czerny B., Grzeskowiak E., Machalinski B.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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2016

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tom 67

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nr 6

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Clinical evaluation of tacrolimus eye drops for chronic superficial keratitis treatment in dogs

84%

Balicki I., Trbolova A.

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy

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2010

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tom 54

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nr 2

251-258

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of 0.02% tacrolimus ophthalmic drops application for chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) treatment in dogs. The studies included 14 German Shepherd dogs - eight males and six females, aged 2-10 years affected with CSK. The drops were administered to the ocular surface three times a day. Prior to the treatment onset, and after the 5 week medical therapy, an estimation of a conjunctiva redness, ocular discharge, depigmentation of the third eyelid, and blood vessel ingrowth in each corneal quadrant and corneal pigmentation was conducted. The photo images with calibrated grid enabled to calculate the percentage of corneal area surface affected by inflammatory process. Tacrolimus did not exert any irritant effects throughout the treatment. The therapy has led to the decrease in corneal inflammatory infiltrate and blood vessel ingrowth in all the patients. Median corneal area surface affected by the condition showed a statistically significant decrease from 46% to 27% (P<0.01) in case of the left corneas and from 58% to 33% for the right ones. Out of 27 corneas affected by pigmentation, 13 corneas in eight patients exhibited decreased pigmentation. The increased pigmentation was observed on eight corneas in five patients. The studies proved that 0.02% ophthalmic drops of tacrolimus have been effective topically in CSK therapy. A treatment response was observed by reduced granulation tissue and corneal neovascularisation, still in some cases tacrolimus failed to inhibit the pigmentation formation.

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2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: lack of synergism with cyclosporine A and tacrolimus [FK 506]

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Nowaczyk M., Stepien-Sopniewska B., Korczak-Kowalska G., Mrowiec T., Gorski A.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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1995

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tom 43

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nr 5-6

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Sirolimus in transplantation

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Stepkowski S. M., Tian L., Wang M. E., Qu X., Napoli K., Kahan B. D.