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Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a virus of the Pneumovirus genus belonging to the subfamily Pneumovirinae of the Paramyxoviridae family. BRSV is one of the main infectious agents causing bovine diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, affecting mainly young animals under the age of 9 months. It is responsible for high economic losses in the cattle industry around the world. The most effective and widely used method for limiting costs of infection with BRSV is immunoprophylaxis. Till now, this subject was rarely an object of interest in Polish scientific literature, therefore the aim of this article is to present current information on the types of available vaccines, their efficiency and safety. Additionally, a description of the variability of most immunogenic regions of BRSV and it is influence on the efficiency of the commonly used vaccines is included.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious, acute disease of the respiratory system in chickens worldwide. Clinically the disease may occur in a wide range of severity - from subacute to peracute form. Latency of the ILT virus is commonly observed in the course of this disease. In this study special attention was paid to describing the latency of the ILT virus, its mechanisms, and dangerous consequences. Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used in the immunoprophylaxis against the ILT which, despite their effectiveness, have a number of shortcomings. One of them is the possibility of virulence reversion of the vaccine virus strains, which can directly cause the outbreak of the disease. Considering the above, it seems necessary to improve the current immunoprophylaxis strategies with the use of new, safer and equally efficient vaccines. This article presents the basic advantages and disadvantages of the future vaccines against the ILT i.a. vector vaccines as well as the DNA vaccines. High hopes are associated with the results of the research on the development of a gene deletion vaccine. This vaccine seems to achieve the requirements for the ideal vaccines (high immunogenicity, manageability, lack of reversion of the virulence).
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered one of the most contagious and economically devastating diseases affecting cloven-hoofed livestock worldwide. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, and belongs to the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. FMDV is antigenically variable and consists of seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3) and more than 60 subtypes. Antigenic diversity of FMDV is a major concern for FMD control. An important part of controlling and prevention of foot and mouth disease are still conventional inactivated vaccines. Vaccines against FMD are of major importance in endemic regions for controlling the disease, they are also important as emergency vaccines to limit the spread of outbreaks in FMD-free countries. Inactivated FMD preparations have been used successfully as part of eradication programs. However there are many problems and limitations associated with their use. In order to solve them a new generation vaccines is being developed. The article presents various types of FMD vaccines such as inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vector vaccines, DNA vaccines and live attenuated vaccines.
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