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The article discusses the essence, purposes, methods of realizing and benefits of applying DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy for the eradication of infectious diseases of animals. Various types of marker vaccines and compatible serological tests suitable for use in this strategy are characterized. The article presents possibilities, principles, results and perspectives of applying DIVA strategy to eradicate Aujeszky«s disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, classical swine fever, bovine viral diarrhoea and mucosal disease, foot and mouth disease, avian influenza, porcine parvovirus infection, bluetongue, equine influenza and African horse sickness. Through the application of marker vaccines which enable differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals as well as detection of asymptomatic carriers and shedders, DIVA strategy makes it possible to rid the population of many dangerous pathogens causing epizootics and panzootics. In appreciating the considerable importance of modern marker vaccines in the comprehensive eradication programmes for infectious diseases, this strategy not only considerably reduces economic losses and restores possibilities of international trade in animals and animal products, but also constitutes an alternative to the extremely expensive and sometimes strongly criticized administrative eradication method. That is why DIVA strategy should be more and more often applied for the eradication of infectious diseases in animals, but some of its elements, concerning mainly vaccine evaluation and the monitoring of infections in vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups of people, could also be utilized in public health protection.
The study characterized inactivated subunit vaccines; DNA vaccines; live, attenuated, gene-deleted vaccines; live recombinant vector vaccines and marker vaccines. This group of new generation vaccines, developed by the use of genetic engineering, was compared with conventional vaccines, based on microbiologic techniques. It was shown that vaccines based on modern technology extend the possibilities of immunoprophylaxis and control of infectious diseases in animals. They contribute to lowering the frequency of post-vaccination complications. Simultaneously, they provide higher efficacy and long-term protective immunity, due to the presence of protective antigens without immunity inhibiting factors as well as modern adjuvants (e.g. ISCOM). Marker vaccines provide the basis for serologically differentiating vaccinated animals from infected animals and from vaccinated and simultaneously infected animals, which has been defined as DIVA strategy. This approach facilitates partial replacement of the stamping-out method of animals during outbreaks of the disease both within their epicenter and perimeters thereby reducing losses caused by dangerous epizootic diseases such as foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, Aujeszkys disease and avian influenza.
Although the “stamping-out” policy in combination with movement and trade restrictions of poultry and poultry products are the major methods of avian influenza (AI) eradication, especially its highly pathogenic form (HPAI), vaccination can be considered as a valuable tool in AI control. The international regulations allow for the implementation of vaccination policies with strict provisions. One of the major components of the vaccination program should be “DIVA” (“Detecting Infected from Vaccinated Animals”) strategy. DIVA is a concept allowing the detection of infection in a vaccinated population of animals. It consists of the application of sentinel birds, vaccines and DIVA companion serological tests differentiating post-infection from post-vaccination antibodies. At present, inactivated vaccines are most commonly used, but other vaccines such as recombinant vector or DNA vaccines have also been licensed and utilized. Vaccination against HPAI H5N1 has been used most extensively in Asia, especially in the People’s Republic of China, and to some extent in other parts of the world, including Europe. Countries which have the experience of poultry vaccination to combat AI caused by subtypes other than H5N1 include: Italy (H7N1, H7N3), Mexico (H5N2), USA (numerous subtypes).
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