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The intestinal mucosal immune system is a very important component of the host’s defense against pathogenic organisms, especially those responsible for enteric infections associated with diarrhoeal diseases. The best known entity providing specific immune protection for the gut is the SIgA system. The resistance of SIgA against normal intestinal proteases makes these antibodies exceptionally well-suited to protect the intestinal mucosal surfaces. It is now almost axiomatic that in order to be efficacious, vaccines against enteric infections must be able to stimulate the local gut immune system. This goal in usually better achieved by administering vaccines by the oral route. Based on the concept of a common mucosal immune system through which activated lymphocytes from the gut can disseminate immunity to other mucosal tissues, there in currently much interest in the possibility of developing oral vaccines against infections in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. There in also a great need to develop strategies for enhancing antigen delivery to the mucosal system as well as identify mocosa-active immunostimula- ting agents (adjuvants).
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Zwalczanie klasycznego pomoru swin u dzikow

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The paper describes data concerning rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship between 2011 and 2012. Oral immunization of foxes against rabies was introduced across the whole voivodeship in 2001. As a result, the number of cases of rabies decreased to two in 2009. In 2010, an increase in rabies cases was recorded in Poland, and in 2012, 257 cases were diagnosed, of which 213 in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The analysis of epizootic data indicates that one of the reasons for the spread of rabies was an insufficient number of vaccine doses distributed by hand in suburban and urban areas. The consequence of this situation was a lower herd immunity, which led to the spread of the virus in population. An increase in the density of fox population and the presence animals (dogs, cats, wild boars) competing with foxes in the uptake of vaccines were important contributing factors.
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Wścieklizna w Polsce w 2022 r.

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The paper presents the epidemiological situation of rabies in Poland in the period of 2011-2015, as well as discusses the effectiveness and costs of a national campaign of oral immunization of free-living foxes that has been carried out since 2002. It also evaluates the impact of the preventive measures on the dynamics of the number of foxes. During the study period, a decrease in the number of confirmed rabies cases in wild and domestic animals was recorded, but the primary reservoir of the virus continued to be free-living foxes. The high effectiveness of vaccination, evaluated by detailed laboratory tests, contributed significantly to the level of foxes immunization, which was also confirmed by ecological assessment. However, in some voivodeships and in some years of the study, the level of immunization was mediocre, as demonstrated by the results from 2015, when only every second fox examined had acquired resistance as a result of preventive vaccination. Despite the relatively high cost of these preventive measures, which include the cost of the vaccine and its distribution in the field, it seems necessary to continue the oral immunization of foxes, initiated in 1993 and expanded throughout the country in 2002. The dramatic decrease in the incidence of rabies in animals directly reduces epidemiological risks. Undoubtedly, a negative aspect of the aforementioned campaign is a persistently large and growing population of foxes and its adverse impact on the functioning of the main small animal species, as well as the possibility of an increased epizootic risk of other diseases affecting foxes. In this situation, it seems necessary to intensify the culling of foxes.
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