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The close phylogenetic relatedness among eels and their many species often necessitates applying genetic studies (PCR-RFLP) to identify the various species within the order Anguilliformes. This article presents a method for differentiating between European and Japanese eel based on the dentition of the upper jaw and the mouth cavity vault (vomer section). In European eel the row of teeth at the edge of the jaw is wider and has more teeth in comparison to that of the Japanese eel. The lengths and widths of the middle strip of the mouth cavity vaults are longer and wider in European eel than in Japanese eel.
Hydroxyapatite in the form of granules of different sizes is a popular material used in oral surgery. It is widely used in the guided bone regeneration technique (GBR). The essence of this method is to assist the healing process of bone defects by means of implantation material, natural or synthetic, which is placed within the bone cavity. Hydroxyapatite implant reduces the volume of the hematoma forming in the wound, prevents infection and has osteoconductive properties. It also increases local bone mechanical strength in the treated area. Three cases of patients with bone cavities after surgical treatment of inflammatory lesions have been described. The cavities have been filled with hydroxyapatite granules. The material has been used in two cases in animals in the treatment of oro-nasal fistula and in one case in a human after enucleation of an inflammatory lesion. It has been proved that hydroxyapatite as an implantation material provides better and faster recovery of bone lesions, while the bone that forms on the implant has a more regular structure than bone generated only on the basis of a clot. In the described cases the treatment of bone cavities in animals and humans proved to be a hydroxyapatite biomaterial accelerating the reconstruction of bone tissue.
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Revised taxonomy of albanerpetontid amphibians

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Characters of the jaws and frontals are often used to differentiate albanerpetontid genera and species, yet the reliability of these characters has rarely been examined. Frontals are diagnostic for the genera Albanerpeton and Celtedens and for species in the latter genus. The value of frontals at the specific level in Celtedens may be inflated by lack of information about variation in jaw structure. Characters of the frontals, jaws, and body size differentiate species of Albanerpeton. Differential diagnoses are presented for the Albanerpetontidae based on cranial and vertebral characters and for the two named genera based on frontal characters. Each genus is characterized by one autapomorphy: fused frontals triangular in Albanerpeton and internasal process bulbous in Celtedens. An enigmatic albanerpetontid from the Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian) of England has a unique mixture of frontal and premaxillary character states that precludes it from being included in either Celtedens or Albanerpeton.This leaves the oldest occurrences of the two genera in, respectively, the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) and Early Cretaceous (latest Aptian/earliest Albian).
A small collection of ?Aptianor ?Albian amphilestid ('triconodont') mammals consisting of incomplete dentaries and maxillae with teeth, from the Khoboor locality Guchin Us county in Mongolia, is described. Guchinodon Trofimov, 1978 is regarded a junior subjective synonym of Gobiconodon Trofimov, 1978. Heavier wear of the molariforms M3 and M4 than of the more anterior one-M2 in Gobiconodon borissiaki gives indirect evidence for molariform replacement in this taxon. The interlocking mechanism between lower molariforms in Gobiconodon is of the pattern seen in Kuehneotherium and Tinodon. The interlocking mechanism and the type of occlusion ally Amphilestidae with Kuehneotheriidae, from which they differ in having lower molariforms with main cusps aligned and the dentary-squamosal jaw joint (double jaw joint in Kuehneotheriidae). The main cusps in upper molariforms M3-M5 of Gobiconodon, however, show incipient triangular arrangement. The paper gives some support to Mills' idea on the therian affinities of the Amphilestidae, although it cannot be excluded that the characters that unite the two groups developed in parallel. Because of scanty material and ambiguity, we assign the Amphilestidae to order incertae sedis.
The sinuous double-row dentition of Pleurodontagama aenigmatodes, the Late Cretaceous Mongolian relative of the Acrodonta is a possible initial stage of evolution of tooth permanency in the Acrodonta. The reconstructed ontogenetic development of this dentition is considered as a model of evolutionary events that resulted in tooth permanency. The acceleration of the posteriad growth of jaws, that occurred at the origin of the Acrodonta, was probably followed by both peripheral and interstitial growth of the dental lamina. Created by the interstitial growth, the interdental spaces were not large enough to allow for the inclusion of the subsequently developed teeth into the main (labial) tooth row. Their blockage resulted in the eventual total blockage of tooth replacement. The requirements of the precise occlusion resulted in a reduction of the redundant lingual tooth row of the Pleurodontagama type. The dentition subsequently changed into a one-row permanent type increasing by a sequential addition of teeth. The patterns of dentition in the sphenodontidans and the varanoids may also result from evolutionary changes of skull proportions via the differential growth of jaws and consequent adjustment of the dental lamina.
An abundant, diverse and well-preserved fauna of jaw-bearing polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta, Eunicida) was recovered from the late Viruan (Caradoc) of eight borehole sections in North Estonia and the St. Petersburg region. Altogether 46 species are encountered. Two new genera, Incisipnon with type species I. incisus (Kielan-Jaworowska, 1966) and Estonioprion with type species E. maennili sp. n., and five new species (Incisiprion edentulus, Polychaetura kielanae, Ramphoprion bialatus, Ramphoprion peterburgensis, Estonioprion maennili) are introduced. In addition 17 new species are described under open nomenclature. The taxonomy is based on jaw apparatuses, fused or reconstructed ones. Many species found in Estonia have been previously described from the erratic boulders of Poland. The studied polychaete fauna was confined to the North Estonian Confacies, a shallow-water carbonate shelf, which constituted favourable habitats for Ordovician polychaete worms. The stratigraphical ranges of many prevalent polychaete species exceed the interval studied. However, a few species seem to be restricted to particular horizons and may be useful for stratigraphy. Polychaete assemblages of certain time intervals, characterized by very steady species composition and relative frequencies of different taxa, were spatially widespread within the North Estonian Confacies. Based on the changes in the assemblages, some stratigraphical levels, like the boundary beds of the Idavere and Jõhvi stages, can be traced within the study area. The jawed polychaete faunas of Baltica and Laurentia probably had several species in common during the Caradoc.
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Hartmaniellidae - living fossils among polychaetes

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The jaw apparatus of the Recent eunicoid polychaete Hartmaniella erecta is closely similar to those of the Mesozoic species of Palurites. It is concluded that the family Hartmaniellidae originated in the late Palaeozoic from an ancestor close to the Paulinitidae and is qlosely related to Kielanoprionidae. The lineage shows an extremaly slow rate of evolution. Hartmaniellids have been abundant during the whole Mesozoic while its Recent representation is only a relic. Palurites jurassicus sp. n. is proposed.
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