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In 1987—1991 from 43 451 to 28 445 persons being often in contact with diseased animals were examined annually. The total number of registered cases of brucellosis was 423, and in the consecutive years 98, 98, 72 and 59 cases were diagnosed, respectively. Comparing the results of the previous seven years with the last five the number of infection decreased by 637. Veterinary surgeons, veterinary technicians and veterinary nurses were most often exposed to infection with brucellae.
Equine influenza is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among susceptible horses. The disease occurs globally and is caused by two main strains: H7N7 and H3N8. The H7N7 strain has not been isolated since the 1980s, and H3N8 circulates in equine population throughout most of the world. The H3N8 virus has diverged into two antigenically and genetically different evolutionary lineages since the 1986s: the American and European ones. Equine influenza exists in an endemic form in many countries. Transmission of the influenza virus from one host species to another is a crucial feature of its ecology and epidemiology. Two basic mechanisms of interspecies transmission are possible. One is the direct transfer of an essentially unaltered virus from one species to another. The second mechanism is a consequence of the segmented nature of the influenza genome and genetic reassortment.
The article presents the results of serological surveys of brucellosis conducted in 1998 on cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, hares, wild boars and dogs. No positive sero-reagents among the pig population were ascertained. The rate of positive results in cattle was established as 0.00098. When B. abortus antigen was used, all serum samples from sheep and goats reacted negatively. When B. ovis antigen was used, 0.91% of sheep sera were positive. The presence of anti-Brucella antibodies was demonstrated in hares, wild boars and dogs.
The paper describes the data concerning rabies in domestic and wildlife animals, including bats, in Poland in 2004. It analyses the distribution of rabies cases in individual animal species and the geographical distribution of rabies outbreaks. In 2004 131 rabies cases were diagnosed. Twenty three were recorded in domestic animals, 99 in wildlife and 9 were found in bats. The highest incidence of rabies was registered in the Wielkopolska voievodship (Western Poland). All cases recorded in the Masuria voievodship (Northern Poland) were noticed along the Russian and Lithuanian border. In the voievodship of Lublin (Eastern Poland) the incidence of rabies was distributed evenly throughout the area, while in the Subcarpathian province, along the Ukrainian border. In the Pomeranian voevodship (Northern Poland) all rabies cases were clustered in only one county (Kartuzy), which is characterized by a high percentage of forests and lakes. Epidemiological analysis shows that each year a significant decrease of diagnosed rabies cases is observed. This is the result of oral vaccination of red foxes against rabies, but the red fox is still the main reservoir of rabies for the other wildlife and domestic animals. Oral vaccination as a method of eradication of rabies should to be carried out in the next years. It is necessary to pay attention to the planning of oral vaccination campaigns, especially in the Wielkopolska voievodship. This means more baits per 1 km2 and around rabies outbreaks.
The paper describes the data concerning rabies in domestic animals and in wildlife as well as in bats in Poland in 2007. An analysis of the rabies situation in relation to animal species and geographical distribution of rabies outbreaks has been presented. In 2007 71 rabies cases were diagnosed in the country. Nineteen were recorded in domestic animals, 53 in wildlife and 3 were found in bats. Through comparing the number of rabies cases in two successive years, 2006 and 2007, the decrease of rabies cases in terrestrial animals can be noticed. The highest number of rabies cases were recorded in Northern and Eastern Poland. Most of the rabies cases in these regions have clustered along the border with neighboring countries (Russia - Kaliningrad Region, Lithuania, Byelorussia and Ukraine). The data presented in this article has shown that the epizootic situation of rabies in Poland is under control and a decrease of rabies cases diagnosed in terrestrial animals can be expected in subsequent years. The fox is still the main reservoir of rabies, therefore the oral vaccination as a method of eradication of rabies should be continued in the next years.
In the introduction of this paper the increasingly accepted nomenclature of basic expressions used in veterinary epidemiology is presented. This is in accordance with the 2018 Edition of Wiley-Blackwell Veterinary Epidemiology, by Michael Thrusfield. Pandemia and not Panzootia is used for large scale outbreaks of infectious diseases also in relation to animals characterizing significantly increased morbidity and mortatlity over a wide geographic area, including countries, continents or even the whole globe and causing significant economic, social and even political disruption. It is underlined that the pandemics of infectious diseases of animals will continue to increase because of the growing transboundary trade and transportation of animals and animal products and increasing international contacts of humans. In the control of pandemics of humans, particularly, for example of influenza of the years 1918-1919, and also in 1968, but also pandemics of other ethiology occurring in humans the World Health Organisation (WHO) took the leading position. In case of avian and swine influenza as well as in pandemics occurring in animals, the leading position in prevention, control and eradication belongs to World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The main part of this paper is devoted to the characterization of the pandemic of African Swine Fever (ASF) which started in 2007 in Georgia, transmitted from Africa. Countries, where ASF virus (ASFV) was confirmed by laboratory tests are mentioned in the text of this paper. They are located in Eurasia. Among them are countries, being members of the European Union (EU). The routs of spreading of the ASFV in wild boar and swine are given, the methods of ASF control in EU were presented. The main vector of the ASF spread in EU, is the wild boar and the humans. Future distribution of the pandemia spread of ASFV is difficult to predict. Veterinary services of many countries, practitioners and scientists are working intensively to understand epidemiology of ASF and to stop the spread of ASFV.
In 1992-1993 39 961 people often exposed to contact with diseased animals (veterinary surgeons, veterinary technicians, veterinary nurses, technicians, meat plants workers and others) were examined. The total number of registered cases of brucellosis was 118.
Duck plague (DP) caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV) is an acute infection of waterfowl. Apart from geese and ducks free-ranging swans are susceptible to infection. The exact epidemiological situation in relation to DEV infection in Eastern Europe is unknown. Therefore it was reasonable to conduct a study on DEV occurrence using the modern but simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The use of LAMP facilitated DEV DNA detection in a time below 30 min. The method was also specific solely for DEV, while its detection limit was 1 pg of DNA. The aim of this study was the optimization of LAMP for detection of DEV infections among free-ranging water birds. The presence of DEV DNA was identified in 96 birds (72.7%), predominantly in wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and mute swans (Cygnus olor). The results were recorded in visible light as a green color of reaction mixtures and their fluorescence under ultraviolet light. The presented study indicates the usefulness of the developed LAMP technique for DEV detection and the high percentage of free-ranging water birds infected with this virus. The study will be continued in the future for the determination of DEV occurrence in domestic geese and ducks.
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Human infection with a parasite called larva migrans visceralis (most often larva of Toxocara canis) has been poorly studied. In order to determine the extensity of infection in dogs, stray dogs at the age more than 1 year were studied. During section, the worms were found in 16 (11.3%) dogs, at the intensity of infection 2-12 specimens per dog, mean value 5.7. To estimate the extent of infection of soil through dog feces, and to find ways and vectors of toxocarosis, soil samples were studied, taken from house gardens, parks, lawns and places of children play. The eggs of T. canis were found in 7.3% samples. The soil from house gardens was infected in 8.1%, that from the places of children play – in 5.7%. The eggs of T. canis were most often found in samples collected in summer-autumn. Patients with clinical symptoms suggesting presence of larvae migrans visceralis were immunologically tested. Blood of 739 patients with various alergy symptoms or unclear ethiology was examined. The reaction was positive in 11,5% persons, most of them children at the age of 1-3 years. In 21 children aged 1 or less the titre was high. Because the children below 1 have a limited contact with soil, a possibility of passive infection through the placenta was considered. Using ELISA test, 100 pregnant women, and children during the first year of their life were examined. Antibodies against T. canis were found in 21 women (4.7%). During the birth, the antibodies were found in blood of one child only.
The surveys of cattle for brucellosis in Poland are primarily based on serological tests. The examinations are performed by regional laboratories using RBT. In the case of positive results obtained in this test the samples are examined in SAT and CFT. The definitive confirmatory investigations are conducted by the National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis in the Department of Microbiology of NVRI in Pu³awy, which additionally uses Coombs’ test, 2-Me test and ELISA. In the paper the results of the examination of cattle in Poland in the years 2005-2010 are shown. Each year during this period 1.1-1.3 million animals were included in the surveys and 130-317 cows were involved in confirmatory investigations. 12-34 animals were classified as positive for brucellosis. In bacteriological examinations of samples from seropositive cows, Brucella abortus was never once isolated. Since 2009 Poland is officially a brucellosis free country.
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