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1
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Symbiotic association between golden berry (Physalis peruviana) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in heavy metal-contaminated soil

100%
Hristozkova M., Geneva M., Stancheva I., Iliev I., Azcon-Aguilar C.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2017
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tom 57
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nr 2
Physalis peruviana is one of the most promising tropical fruit plants because of its rapid growth, high yield, and nutritional quality. Th is study was designed to investigate plant development under heavy metal contamination (Cd, Pb) and responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization by Rhizophagus clarum and Claroideoglomus claroideum. Th e antioxidant capacity, total lipid content and fatty acid profi le in fruits, accumulation of Cd and Pb in diff erent plant parts, plant dry biomass, and mycorrhizal colonization were determined. As a result of inoculation, a considerable reduction in Cd and Pb in the fruits was observed, compared with non-inoculated plants. Th e fruit number and dry weight increased in plants associated with C. claroideum. Th ese plants also showed higher acid phosphatase activity, root protein accumulation and glomalin production. Th e type of antioxidant defense was AMF strain-dependent. Antioxidant activity and H2O2 neutralization were enzymatic rather than non-enzymatic processes in the fruits of C. claroideum plants compared with those forming an association with R. clarum. Mycorrhizal establishment changed the composition and concentration of fruits’ fatty acids. Th e ratio of unsaturated fatty acids was increased. With respect to the accumulation of bioactive compounds in golden berry the present fi ndings are important for obtaining the optimum benefi ts of mycorrhizal association under unfavorable conditions.
2

Adaptation of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from various environments to increased levels of selected heavy metal concentrations

100%
Krupa P., Halama K., Wojcik B.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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1997
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tom 06
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nr 3
The selection of mycorrhizal fungi forming symbiotic association with trees growing in areas contaminated with heavy metals was observed. The aim of this study was to discover how ectomycorrhizal fungi, growing in habitats with high levels of heavy metal contamination, are adapted to this contamination in comparison with fungi that grow in nonpolluted environments. The experiments were performed using a vegetative mycelium isolated from fruiting bodies in clean cultures on agar. Changing concentrations of zinc, cadmium and lead in the growth medium, the growth of mycelium cultures oiXerocomus badius and Amanita muscaria was observed and compared. It was found that strains of Amanita muscaria and Xerocomus badius growing in contaminated areas were adapted to high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb. The degree of adaptation was related to the level of contamination of the area where this mycorrhizal fungus survived.
3
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A symbiotic association of a boring polychaete and an echinoid from the Late Cretaceous of Germany

80%
Wisshak M., Neumann C.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2006
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tom 51
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nr 3
From the Early Maastrichtian white chalk of Rügen Island (N Germany), a specimen of the echinoid Echinocorys ovata featuring 27 boring traces of the ichnogenus Caulostrepsis is described. Individual traces are shallow to moderately deep U−shaped depressions and show distinct regeneration textures evidencing a syn−vivo infestation. All traces are located on the plastron between the peristome and periproct of the host echinoid, indicating an adaptation of the trace maker by choosing the most advantageous position of the specific host. The traces are attributed to the work of boring spionid polychaetes (Polydora complex), grounded on the close morphological resemblance with initial borings of Recent polydorids. This is the first evidence for a possible association of a boring polychaete not only with an echinoid but with an echinoderm in general. The symbiotic relationship was commensalistic in nature with the spionid probably taking advantage of organic matter resuspended by the echinoids locomotion and feeding activity and benefiting from effective shelter. For the host echinoid, the association was moderately harmful. The soft bottom environment of the chalk sea provided very limited hard substrate ecospace for settlers and bioeroders, available only in form of biogenic structures. Echinocorys was a dominant component of this benthic community and can be considered as a suitable host for symbiotic interactions because of its size and assumed longevity.
4

Nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation in symbiotic association Rhizobium - legumes

80%
Lucinski L., Polcyn W., Ratajczak L.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2002
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tom 49
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nr 2
The inhibitory effect of nitrate on nitrogenase activity in root nodules of legume plants has been known for a long time. The major factor inducing changes in nitrogenase activity is the concentration of free oxygen inside nodules. Oxygen avail­ability in the infected zone of nodule is limited, among others, by the gas diffusion re­sistance in nodule cortex. The presence of nitrate may cause changes in the resistance to O2 diffusion. The aim of this paper is to review literature data concerning the effect of nitrate on the symbiotic association between rhizobia and legume plants, with special emphasis on nitrogenase activity. Recent advances indicate that symbiotic associations of Rhizobium strains characterized by a high nitrate reductase activity are less suscepti­ble to inhibition by nitrate. A thesis may be put forward that dissimilatory nitrate re­duction, catalyzed by bacteroid nitrate reductase, significantly facilitates the symbi­otic function of bacteroids.
5

Annexins - calcium- and membrane-binding proteins in the plant kingdom. Potential role in nodulation and mycorrhization in Medicago truncatula

70%
Talukdar T., Gorecka K. M., de Carvalho-Niebel F., Downie J. A., Cullimore J., Pikula S.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2009
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tom 56
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nr 2
199-210
 Annexins belong to a family of multi-functional membrane- and Ca2+-binding proteins. The characteristic feature of these proteins is that they can bind membrane phospholipids in a reversible, Ca2+-dependent manner. While animal annexins have been known for a long time and are fairly well characterized, their plant counterparts were discovered only in 1989, in tomato, and have not been thoroughly studied yet. In the present review, we discuss the available information about plant annexins with special emphasis on biochemical and functional properties of some of them. In addition, we propose a link between annexins and symbiosis and Nod factor signal transduction in the legume plant, Medicago truncatula. A specific calcium response, calcium spiking, is an essential component of the Nod factor signal transduction pathway in legume plants. The potential role of annexins in the generation and propagation of this calcium signal is considered in this review. M. truncatula annexin 1 (MtAnn1) is a typical member of the plant annexin family, structurally similar to other members of the family. Expression of the MtAnn1 gene is specifically induced during symbiotic associations with both Sinorhizobium meliloti and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Furthermore, it has been reported that the MtAnn1 protein is preferentially localized at the nuclear periphery of rhizobial-activated cortical cells, suggesting a possible role of this annexin in the calcium response signal elicited by symbiotic signals from rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi.
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