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This study investigates the development cycle of Sawadaea tulasnei on Acer platanoides in urban conditions, taking into account the effect of traffic-induced pollution. Observations were taken at 63 stations in the city of Olsztyn and surroundings, located alongside major communication routes at distances of up to 50 m, 100 m, and 300 m with distances >300 m acting as control. S. tulasnei appeared in each experimental year. The highest mean pathological index that was statistically significant was recorded at stations located up to 50 m from the routes and the lowest at the control stations. Differences were observed in the incidence of S. tulasnei depending on the maturity of the host plant, whereas the development of the parasite was seen to be undisrupted. In the zone of up to 50 m, fruiting bodies matured earlier compared to controls, suggesting environmental stress.
Over the past few years, diversification and pluriactivity of farmers and farming households has been increasing in EU-27countries. But the type of diversification activity encouraged, as well as their scale, appears to be very different across the EU. Therefore the analysis of spatial diversification of other gainful activity of farm households in EU countries is the main purpose of this paper. 27 UE countries described with 9 variables relating to the non-agricultural activity of farms are the analysed objects. The carried survey helps to show spatial disparities and to discriminate groups of countries with a similar farmers non-agricultural activity. There were used chosen methods of multidimensional comparative analysis which enable clustering the multicriterial objects: Czekanowskis diagram, Wards method, and k-mean algorithm. As a final result there were formed 5 clusters with countries about similar level of farm diversification. It may be stated, that a development of diversification of agricultural holdings is correlated with a spatial arrangement. Neighbouring countries belong to the same clusters of other gainful activity kinds.
There are numerous open questions concerning the life cycle of Gordiida (Nematomorpha), especially about egg development and viability of larvae during winter, when the temperature of freshwater environments where they inhabit is low. On the basis of experimental studies we demonstrate that egg development of Chordodes nobilii takes 20–25 days at 22°C and 45–55 days at 5°C. We also observed that larvae of C. nobilii obtained from egg strings at 5°C and maintained at that temperature during six months remained inside their egg shells as a survival strategy.
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