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This article presents the results of concentrations of N-NO₂, N-NO₃, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, P-PO₄, N-NH₄, Fe, chemical oxygen demand with KMnO₄, HCO₃⁻, Ptotal, acid neutralizing capacity between the pH range of 4.5 and 3.5 along with pH and electrolytic conductivity for Štiavnica Stream (in south-central Slovakia). These parameters were monitored at four monitoring places (Banska Štiavnica, Svaty Anton, Prenčov, and Hontianske Nemce) from 2006 to 2008. The rank order of soluble nitrogen forms on the basis of median values were in Banska Štiavnica N-NH₄>N-NO₂>N-NO₃, in Svaty Anton, Prenčov and Hontianske Nemce N-NO₃>N-NH₄>N-NO₂. The concentration of phosphates phosphor was high in all sampling places, with the highest in Banska Štiavnica (0.29 mg・L⁻¹). Physico-chemical parameters such as pH were in the interval from 6.52 to 7.93, electrolytic conductivity and chemical oxygen demand were highest in Banska Štiavnica (EC = 51.51 mS・m⁻¹, CODMn = 10.46 mg・L⁻¹). The aim of our article is to prove, according to our analyses, that surface water quality has gotten worse and to point out the importance of monitoring smaller streams that are permanently contamined by local settlements.
Water quality in streams primarily affects human. A recent assessment of the characteristics of environmental indicators in the three sub-catchments basins Drevenica, Čerešňový Creek and Žitava (District Zlaté Moravce), we showed this effect. The sixteen villages in the sub catchments do not expect an increase in demographic trends, even a decrease in population compared to year 2000 to 228 people. In terms of water consumption in the villages we have seen that the consumption is even smaller than the specified minimum hygiene. Four municipalities haven’t own public water, are connected to group water conduit Zlaté Moravce. Average water consumption in 2010 was 68.84 liters · s–1 · day–1. The removal and treatment of waste water situation is different in each sub catchments. In the sub catchments Drevenica one of four communities has built a wastewater treatment plant, the Čerešňový Creek from four municipalities, three with treatment plant. In Žitava basins of the seven municipalities have three community wastewater treatment plants, one is under construction and one is connected to the existing sewerage treatment plant. Status of water quality in river basins also affects non-point sources of pollution. The largest percentage of acreage in the villages is currently agricultural land. In the Drevenica basin is agricultural land 51.12%, in the Čerešňový Creek basin 53.09% and 46.38% Žitava basins.
This study concerns the influence of urbanized trend affected on the flood hydrograph in a small catchment in Warsaw. Based on recorded events a selected procedure for simulation rainfall-runoff process has been accepted for flood estimation. The Soil Conservation Services Curve Number method (SCS-CN) and empirical formulae for Nash model parameters, developed by Rao at al. were used to analyze the nine selected events from 2007 to 2009. The analysis confirmed usefulness of the selected procedure, implicated in a home developed computer program, for estimating flood hydrographs as responses of the small urban catchment to heavy rainfall events. Flood hydrographs were estimated for three various stages of land use. The results demonstrate that the peak flood flow would increase over eight times due to urbanisation of the catchment.
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