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In recent decades much attention has been devoted to topics dealing with temporal and spatial distribution of water capacity in the soil profile and evapotranspiration. The aim of this paper was to examine and describe the effect of soil surface modifications on evaporation intensity and then recommend options with the best ability to minimize evaporation for agricultural practice. During the year 2011 the effects of the soil surface modifications on the soil water storage, the amount of evaporated water and the evaporation intensity have been observed in the experimental area – Botanical Garden of Slovak Agricultural University. The experiment used different soil surface modifications – change the surface shape (convex and concave shape), change the hydrophysical properties (detergent application), agrotechnical controls (aerating, rolling, mulching). The soil moistures to a depth of 1 m soil profile were measured using the ADR method. Then the soil water storages to a depth of 0.6 m were determined with using planimeter. Using the simplified water balance equation the amounts of evaporated water and the evaporation intensity were calculated for each experimental variant. Based on the calculated amounts of evaporated water from individual variants can be noted that evaporation was minimized the most effective by applying detergent on the soil surface with convex shape. During the monitoring period this variant was showing the lowest evaporation intensity and the total amount of evaporated water from soil (664.7 mm), about 3.25 % lower value than variant – soil without modification. This result is considered by authors for the most valuable, because it „opens door“ to the new ways how to minimize evaporation using substances which lower the surface tension.
 A simple theoretical model considering cell membrane mechanosensitivity can accurately describe published experimental data on membrane area creeping and recovery, and on osmotic expansion and rupture. The model to data fit reveals real values of membrane tension and elasticity modulus, and the parameters describing membrane organization and kinetics of mechanosensitive membrane traffic, including small solute transport, water permeability, endocytosis, exocytosis, and caveolae formation. This estimation allows for separation and quantitative analysis of the participation of different processes constituting the response of plasmalemma to short time-scale membrane load. The predicted properties of the model were verified for membrane stretching at different osmotic pressures. Finally, a simple hypothesis concerning stressed cell membrane breakdown is postulated.
Biodegradation of a model mixture of hydrocarbon (dodecane and hexadecane, 1:1 w/w), as well as hydrocarbon emulsified by synthetic and natural emulsifiers, and their mixtures were analyzed in the presence of Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. bacterial strains. Changes in surface tension were measured by the static and dynamic methods during biodegradation processes. During the biodegradation processes of hydrocarbon and emulsified hydrocarbon, various changes in surface tension were observed. In some systems, the initial decrease of surface tension after the addition of an emulsifier was greater after a few days of biodegradation. Decrease in the surface tension does not seem to be related to the degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation, both for the hydrocarbon and emulsified hydrocarbon systems.
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