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Regulation of mammary gland remodeling during the lactation cycle in cattle still remains unclear. The present study focused on the role of TGF-ß1 and somatotropic pathways proteins in control of the switch between survival and death of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Expressions of TGF-ß1, TGF-ßRII, IGF-IRα, IGF-IRß, GH-R, IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 in mammary tissue explants in Holstein-Fresian heifers (n=7) and cows (n=23) in early lactation (1-100 day), late lactation (200-260 day) and drying off (280-340 day) were compared with biochemical indices of apoptosis (caspase 3, 89 kDa fragment of PARP) and autophagy (Beclinl). The results revealed that an increase in apoptosis during the dry period was accompanied by highly significant increases in TGF-ß1 and TGF-ßRII expression. Beside biochemical markers, typical morphological features of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, separation from the neighboring cells and condensation of chromatin were observed. TGF-ß1 expression and induction of apoptosis was facilitated by the suppression of somatotropic pathway during drying off, manifested with down-regulation of GH-R and IGF-IRα, and up-regula- tion of IGFBP-4 and -5. This is the first report describing autophagy in the bovine mammary gland. Similarly to apoptosis, the intensity of autophagy was the highest in the dry period, as shown by increased expression of Beclinl and morphological features, e.g. autophagosomes, autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy observed in the involuting mammary tissue could be the natural cell defense against transient undernourishment and action of apoptogenic peptides (e.g. TGF-ß1, IGFBPs), thus maintaining cellular homeostasis in the dry period.
Three strains of Trichoderma harzianum (strain 1: IMI 380934; strain 2: IMI 380935; strain 3: IMI 380938) were compared for their ability to suppress radial growth of Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. Each Trichoderma strain was paired with the pathogen F. verticillioides on 9 cm Petri plates of acidified potato dextrose agar using three pairing methods. Varying growth suppression of pathogen by Trichoderma strains was rated and ratings were analysed using GLM Procedure of SAS. Growth inhibition of F. verticillioides by each of the T. harzianum strains was significantly different from control irrespective of pairing method (p = 0.01, R2 = 0.96). Higher inhibition of F. verticillioides was obtained by inoculating antagonist before pathogen even at p = 0.01. Mode of suppression includes mycoparasitism and competition for space and nutrients. Growth inhibition of pathogen differed significantly among (p > 0.0001) and within (p > 0.026) pairing methods. T. harzianum strain 1 had better suppression of pathogen than the other two strains when it was inoculated before the pathogen while T. harzianum strain 3 was better when pathogen and antagonist were inoculated simultaneously (p = 0.05). Different strains of T. harzianum could thus be employed as promising antagonists of F. verticillioides.
The aim of the study was to investigate changes of internal temperature and locomotor activity of birds in conditions of endotoxin fever, pyrogenic tolerance and its suppression. The experiment was performed in pigeons (n = 12). On the first day of the experiment a state of endotoxin fever was evoked. The pigeons were categorized into two groups: experimental and control. The first group of the animals (n = 8) received Escherichia coli LPS intravenously once at the dose of 10 µg/kg b.w. whereas the control pigeons (n = 4) were administered in the apyrogenic saline intravenously once at the dose of 1 ml/kg b.w. On the second and third day of the experiment the state of pyrogenic tolerance was induced in the pigeons and their internal temperature and locomotor activity were investigated. To this end the experimental group of birds received E. coli LPS intravenously twice at 24 h intervals at a dose of 10 µg/kg b.w. Conversely, the control pigeons were twice treated with saline (1 ml/kg b.w.). On the fourth day of the study an attempt of pyrogenic tolerance suppression in the pigeons was carried out. The experimental birds with the stable state of pyrogenic tolerance were then categorized into two subgroups. The first subgroup (n = 4) received Salmonella Abortusequi LPS intravenously at the dose of 10 µg/kg b.w., whereas the second one (n = 4) - E. coli LPS at a double amount of the pyrogen (20 µg/kg b.w.). The control pigeons were administered S. Abortusequi LPS in an analogical dose as the first experimental subgroup. Results of the study indicated the occurrence of endotoxin fever and depression of locomotor activity of the pigeons in response to the first injection of E. coli LPS. The third administration of the pyrogen stabilized the state of pyrogenic tolerance, manifested by the reduction of the increased internal temperature and the stimulation of pigeon locomotor activity. Whereas in the state of stable pyrogenic tolerance in pigeons the intravenous injection of the other exogenous pyrogen, i.e. S. Abortusequi LPS, and also the double dose of E. coli pyrogen caused the suppression of the tolerance and the restoration of endotoxin fever in the birds.
In presented studies was undertaken the attempt to determine the effectiveness of such preparations as Biochikol 020 PC and Biosept 33 SL in limiting the growth of T myrtilli in vitro. Moreover, the protective effect of these biopreparations and Dithane M45 80WP for highbush blueberry stems was determined. The studies carried out in vitro indicated that Biochikol 020 as well as Biosept 33 SL significantly limited the growth and development of pathogen. Very strong inhibition of hyphae growth and its deep degradation were caused by Biosept 33 SL in concentration 0.3%. Similarly, in experiment on protecting action of selected preparations for stems of highbush blueberry against T. myrtilli, Biochikol 020 and Biosept 33 SL inhibited the growth of pathogen. But its protective effects were weaker in comparison to Dithane M45 80WP because after the application of this preparation the development of disease symptoms caused by T. myrtilli was significantly lower.
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