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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degree of microbial air contamination in three laboratory rooms designed for raising broiler chickens under identical conditions, in the summer and winter. It was found that in identical poultry houses and under identical management conditions, certain differences can be observed with regard to temperature and humidity parameters and the degree of microbial air contamination, both in the summer and winter. The concentrations of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi were higher in the winter than in the summer in all rooms. Various levels of microbial air contamination had no effect on broiler production results.
Water percolation in upper soil at Wadi Shueib in Jordan was investigated using different irrigational methods and amounts of irrigation water. Four investigative periods were designed: two during the summer and two during the winter. The percentage of recharge from irrigated plots ranged from 42% to 78%, depending on the amount of irrigation water and the climatic conditions that prevailed in the investigated area. The main factor that controlled the amount of percolation was soil water content. Different methods of irrigation showed apparent variations in the amount of water losses. The covered fields (mulched and subsurface methods) had the lowest water consumption as compared to the uncovered plots (bare and meandering irrigational methods). This is mainly due to the reduction in surface evaporation from the topsoils. Accordingly, any improvement in water use efficiency should take this factor into consideration.
Two trials were conducted. In trial I three lactating Polish Holstein-Friesian (PF) cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. In each feeding cycle animals were offered one of three following diets: (1) without supplementation (C diet – control), (2) C diet supplemented with fish and rapeseed oils blend 1:1 (FR diet), and (3) C diet supplemented with commercial protected fat (CPF diet). In trial II, ten lactating PF cows were offered C diet, and another ten – FR diet. In both trials fat supplements constituted up to 4% of the diet dry matter. FR diet strongly affected the fatty acid composition of rumen fluid and milk of cows. Content of oleic acid and Rother MUFAs increased, while that of total SFAs dropped in the rumen and, in both trials, in milk. The FR diet led to increase in the c9 t11 CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) isomer content of milk in both trials.In trial II the t10 c12 CLA concentration of milk increased in cows fed the FR diet. It is evident that during the summer feeding based on fresh green forage, good results regarding milk fatty acid content can still be improved by feeding rapeseed oil and fish oil.
Up-to-date production of shallots for commercial purposes was limited due to low supply of the seeding material as well as no breeding cultivars that would produce seeds. Local populations commonly grown in various countries are reproduced mainly in vegetative way, because they usually do not produce generative shoots nor seeds, or they are formed, but in a very reduced number. The aim of this study, conducted in the period 2009–2012, was to evaluate generative growth and seed production in shallot grown from seedlings planted in summer at different dates, without producing mother bulbs. The study included 4 shallot cultivars – ‘Toto’, ‘Ambition F1’, ‘Bonilla F1’, and ‘Matador F`1’. Seedlings (4 weeks old) were planted in the field on three dates – 3rd decade of July, 1st decade of August, and 3rd decade of August. In the second year of cultivation, after the plants had overwintered in the ground, losses in plants, the percentage of plants producing seed stalks and some traits of these stalks as well as seed yield in the true breeding cultivar ‘Toto’ were determined. Plants of the other cultivars were not allowed to produce seeds (inflorescence umbels were topped before flower opening), since these were hybrids and undesired cross-breeding could occur. The study showed that overwintering losses in plants were on average 26.3%, but they were the lowest in cv. ‘Toto’, in particular among plants obtained from the first date of planting seedlings. Irrespective of the cultivar, the largest amount of plants with developed seed stalks and with their highest number per plant were recorded in the treatments where the first planting date was used. A delay in planting seedlings in the first year of cultivation by 2–4 weeks had a significant effect on reducing the percentage of plants developing seed stalks in the second year, while in cv. ‘Toto” it resulted in a very high decrease in seed yield.
Fjords of West Spitsbergen are very dynamic in terms of hydrology. Here we tested whether the qualitative analysis of the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton may be useful as a fast method to assess the origin of the waters and whether it can give any additional information to hydrological data. Phytoplankton samples were collected along transects in Hornsund and Kongsfjord. Among total of 109 taxa identified, only 49 were common in both fjords. The assemblages in Hornsund implied that inflow of the cold waters of the Sørkapp Current had occurred some time before samples collection, while in Kongsfjord the taxonomic composition was typical for the summer and did not show any recent, unusual hydrological phenomenon. Concluding, the method can be useful in the surveys in which hydrological data are collected infrequently.
Investigations of the heat acquisition from vertical ground heat exchangers were performed. From April to September 9.242 GJ of heat from ground boreholes have been obtained and the heat pump processing achieved 23.107 GJ of total heat used in the heating system. Coefficient of performance (COP) was 2.504 in spring and 1.981 in summer and compared to the heating period (winter) was 26.4 per cent lower with a COP of 3.05. The reason for reduction of the COP was probably high air temperatures in spring and summer (as confirmed by the correlation coefficient r = -0.178 in spring and r = -0.559 in summer).
Preservation of foraging habitats is a fundamental approach to bat conservation. Yet, knowledge on the primary foraging sites of Mediterranean bats remains scarce, particularly during the summer when the availability of prey can be limiting. This study was designed to determine in which habitats bats forage in Southern Portugal, during this potentially stressful period. During the summers of 1994 and 1995, bat foraging activity was monitored in representative habitat types using an ultra-sound detector. The number of feeding-buzzes and bat-passes were counted and species identified through the analysis of recorded echolocation calls. None of the recorded species restricted its foraging activity to a single habitat type, but water sites were preferred by most bats. Tadarida teniotis was an exception to this habitat use. Further analysis confirmed that riparian habitats when surrounded by autochthonous broad-leaved forests seem to provide optimal foraging areas for bats during summer. Opposite, water sites within habitats resulting from intensive agriculture or forestry, provide very poor foraging areas. The typical Mediterranean landscape of Iberia, dominated by oak-woodlands and with numerous, scattered and well vegetated water sites, seems to grant optimal foraging habitat for bats during summer. However, this landscape is itself at risk. Current production demands are causing substantial land-use changes and, despite some European programmes on the preservation of Mediterranean oak woodlands and their biodiversity, the furtherance of this landscape is at stake. The preservation of traditional management strategies of oak-woodlands and associated water sites should be strongly encouraged.
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