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Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Plants are able to assimilate inorganic sulfur and incorporate it into organic compounds, while animals rely entirely on organic sources of sulfur. In the last decades sulfate availability in soils has become the major limiting factor for plant production in many countries due to significant reduction of anthropogenic sulfur emission forced by introducing stringent environmental legislation. The sulfur flux after transferring plants from optimal conditions to sulfur deficiency is regulated on multiple levels including transcription, translation and activity of enzymes needed for sulfate assimilation and synthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites. Most of these regulatory steps are not yet fully characterized. Plant responses to sulfur limitation are complex and can be divided into phases depending on the degree of sulfur shortage. The initial responses are limited to adaptations within sulfur metabolic pathway, while multiple metabolic pathways and developmental process are affected when sulfur shortage becomes more severe. The major aim of this work is a comprehensive review of recent progress in understanding the regulation of plant adaptations to sulfur deficit.
The establishment of technologies for high-throughput DNA sequencing (genomics), gene expression (transcriptomics), metabolite and ion analysis (metabolomics/ionomics) and protein analysis (proteomics) carries with it the challenge of processing and interpreting the accumulating data sets. Publicly accessible databases and newly development and adapted bioinformatic tools are employed to mine this data in order to filter relevant correlations and create models describing physiological states. These data allow the reconstruction of networks of interactions of the various cellular components as enzyme activities and complexes, gene expression, metabolite pools or pathway flux modes. Especially when merging information from transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics into consistent models, it will be possible to describe and predict the behaviour of biological systems, for example with respect to endogenous or environmental changes. However, to capture the interactions of network elements requires measurements under a variety of conditions to generate or refine existing models. The ultimate goal of systems biology is to understand the molecular principles governing plant responses and consistently explain plant physiology.
Conditions of achieving the maximal accumulation of sulfhydryl metabolites in the leaves of tobacco were explored. Simultaneous production of bacterial O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase and serine acetyltransferase resulted in the increased thiols contents as compared to single transformants and controls. However, leaf discs feeding experi­ments differently affected thiols concentration in different plant groups and sug­gested that the most promising strategy to obtain plants with a high level of non-protein thiol-containing compounds might be sulfate feeding to plants overpro­ducing serine acetyltransferase.
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