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It has been well known that some fungal pathogens (Monilia laxa, M. fructigena, Cytospora cincta), larvae of Grapholita molesta and plant hormone - ethylene, induce gummosis in apricot shoots. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) was also found to induce gummosis in apricot shoots as well as biotic and abiotic factors mentioned above. In order to know the mode of action of JA-Me on gum induction and/or formation, chemical composition of polysaccharides (after hydrolysis) in gums of apricot shoots induced by JA-Me compared with those by ethephon and their mixture, and naturally occurring ones was studied, resulted in the succesful identification of monosaccharides, and the similarity of a composition consisting of xylose, arabinose and galactose at molar ratio 1 : 10 : 14, respectively. These results suggest that beside different inducers of gum in apricot the mechanism of polysaccharides biosynthesis of gums is the same or similar. The physiological role for JA-Me on gum induction and/or formation in apricot shoots, and other species are also discussed.
The increasing consumption of sugars is one of the factors contributing to the obesity epidemic. Our research was carried out on the sugar composition of apples. The purpose of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of sugars of different apple varieties from the East Bohemia region. In this study dry matter content and sensory characteristics were also evaluated. Apples contain fructose, glucose and sucrose. Fructose is known to be a highly lipogenic sugar that has profound metabolic effects in the liver, and has been associated with many of the components of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, elevated waist circumference, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). Fructose, glucose and sucrose in different apple cultivars were extracted with ethanol, derivatized, and determined by gas chromatography. 17 cultivars of apple were analysed. The average fructose content was 6.52 ± 1 g/100 g of apple (8.1 – ‘Golden Delicious’, 4.8 – ‘Selena’), glucose content 1.46 ± 0.55 g/100 g of apple (3 – ‘Red Delicious’, 0.9 – ‘Ontario’), and sucrose content 4.75 ± 1.35 g/100 g of apple (7.2 – ‘Opal’, 2.1 – ‘Melrose’). The cultivars suitable for nutrition of patients with metabolic syndrome are ‘Selena’ and ‘Ontario’.
Corn hulls were abundant and inexpensive byproducts of the corn dry or wet milling processes, but most of them were discarded as agro-wastes. The aim of this study was to extract the dietary fiber by hot-compressed water (HCW) from defatted corn hull and to determine the chemical properties. Results showed that temperature and time played critical roles in extraction effi ciency; the maximal yield of dietary fiber A (DFA) extracted by HCW reached 33.0% at 150°C for 60 min. The yield of dietary fiber B (DFB) increased from 2.0% to 56.9% as the temperature increased from 110 to 180°C, while the yield of solid residue (SR) decreased from 88.7% to 27.7%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results demonstrated that C-H, O-H, C=O, COO- occurred in the DFA, SR and DFB. The dietary fiber polysaccharides consisted of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and uronic acid.
The lectin isolated from the leaves of Iris hybrida binds specifically N-acetyl-galactosamine and lactose. Its molecule consists of two identical subunits bound by disulfide bonds. The lectin is a glycoprotein containing about 12% of sugars. It binds asialoglycoproteins containing complex type sugar chains. The binding is reduced by half at the concentration of 0.15 to 0.40 mM of the galactose containing disaccharides irrespectively to a type of galactose isomer. This indicates rather broad specificity of I. hybrida leaf lectin.
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