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During the 20th century in Central and Eastern Europe, traditional agricultural management was either heavily intensified or abandoned due to socio-economic reasons. The land abandonment led to subsequent secondary succession reverted many wet meadows into Phragmites swamps, Salix or Alnus thickets, as well as woodlands. Therefore, the understanding of changes in abundance and structure of populations in the process of succession has become very important especially for rare and endangered species. In Poland one of strictly protected plant is Gentiana pneumonanthe L. It is a nonclonal, long-lived, iteroparous plant consisted of numerous vegetative and generative stems, bearing 1–25 flowers per year. The investigations of abundance and structure of subpopulations of Gentiana pneumonanthe were conducted in the years 2009– 2011 in abandoned Molinietum caeruleae meadows dominated by low-stature species (Patch I), prevailed by tall grasses (Patch II), willows (Patch III), as well as partly overgrown by shrubs and trees (Patch IV). The average height of vegetation cover achieved from 65.3 cm (Patch I), via 85.8 cm (Patch II) and 94.0 cm (Patch III), to 142.7 cm (Patch IV). The gradually decline of abundance of Gentiana pneumonathe subpopulations and increased trend toward their senilization along the gradient of vegetation height might be due to successional closure of plant cover, preventing seedling recruitment. The total number of stems per individual and length of vegetative stems decreased with augmentation of neighbouring plants dimensions, whereas the height of generative stems, as well as flower and fruit production presented inversed trend. The greatest dimensions of capsules found in patch dominated by small meadow species might be due to greater availability of solar radiation. The conditions of studied subpopulations decrease gradually from patch dominated by small meadow species, via sites prevailed by grasses and willows, to place overgrown by shrubs and trees. Although obvious differences in abundance and structure of individuals, the prospects of all observed populations are poor, especially that patches are not subjected active protection.
In order to examine the relation of known intestinal lesions to changes in T-cell phenotypes and integrin expression, 16 male 10-day-old Holstein calves were divided into two groups. For 28 days of the experiment, eight males were fed NutriMilk in which 50% of the crude protein was soya protein, and eight control animals, with NutriMilk containing only milk casein. The animals fed soya protein showed shorter jejunal villi with a corrugated surface and deeper crypts compared with the control calves. A higher density of CD8+ cells in the intestinal mucosa and a decrease of these cells in peripheral blood were found in calves fed soya protein. The number of CD11b-positive cells was decreased in the peripheral blood of calves fed soya protein. Lower expression of integrin could be related to the appearance of non-mature polymorphonuclear cells. It is not clear if the decrease in CD11b expression on blood cells could also be influenced by milk replacer, i.e. soya protein.
Ecological variation of the selected subpopulations of Iris sibirica L. were studied in the years 2011-2012, in the abandoned patches of Molinietum caeruleae dominated by small meadow species (Patch I), macroforbs (Patch II), largetussock grasses (Patch III), shrubs (Patch IV), as well as shrubs and trees (Patch V). The abundance of subpopulations and dimensions of aggregations of ramet clusters increased gradually from Patch I to Patch IV and subsequently declined in Patch V. During the whole study period, all subpopulations showed signs of senility due to the absence of individuals in prereproductive stages. The share of generative ramet clusters diminished, while contribution of senile and fragmentised ramet clusters increased substantially in consecutive patches. The dimensions of ramet clusters increased significantly in successive plots and years. The number and height of generative stems and production of flowers and fruits did not show the temporal variability. The abundance of generative stems was considerably lower in the plots dominated by small meadow species, than in the sites dominated by large-tussock grasses, shrubs or overgrown shrubs and trees. Both the height of flowering stems and production of flowers and fruits increased gradually from Patch I, via Patches II, III and IV, to Patch V. The augmentation of flower production might contribute to better visibility of inflorescences for pollinators, whereas an increase in the production of fruits may increase the chances for successful seed dispersal to new sites. This study results show that the I. sibirica subpopulations occurring in the site dominated by small meadow species and macroforbs were in unsatisfactory condition, those inhabiting the sites dominated by large-tussock grasses and shrubs were in a quite good condition, while the subpopulation inhabiting the plot overgrown by shrubs and trees showed the worst condition.
Stem canker of brassicas is one of the most damaging diseases of oilseed rape worldwide. The disease is caused by two related Leptosphaeria species, and L. maculans is regarded as the more damaging one. Being an ascomycete, the pathogen is able to quickly create new variants that can overcome new resistance genes introduced by researchers and breeding companies. The aim of this work was to study polymorphism of L. maculans populations using 10 recently developed minisatellite markers. The studied subpopulations differed with metconazole treatment. Seven minisatellite markers showed polymorphisms and formed alleles varying from 2 to 10 different core motifs, with 5 alleles on average. In total 36 alleles were found. The majority of alleles (72%) were found in both studied subpopulations of L. maculans. There were 28 alleles in the group of L. maculans isolates originating from plants not treated with any fungicide and 32 in the subpopulation treated with metconazole. Ten unique alleles and imbalanced ratios between some alleles contributed to differences between L. maculans subpopulations. The minisatellites MinLm555, MinLm935-2, MinLm939, MinLm1139 and MinLm2451 showed 6 new variants as compared to the isolates described so far.
Several studies have reported tumour infiltrating CD4+ T cells as a favourable prognostic factor in some types of cancer. We investigated 37 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) at different stages, using immunohistochemical staining for CD4+ infiltrates and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of CD4 mRNA. The CD4+ infiltrates were evaluated and expressed as a percentage according to the ratio of CD4+ T cells to epithelial cells in the cancer cell nests and to the overall inflammatory cell infiltrate in the tumor stroma. The CD4 mRNA expression level strongly correlated with the CD4+ infiltration score in the cancer epithelium (rs = 0.858, P < 0.001) and in the cancer stroma (rs = 0.797, P < 0.001). These results indicate that the real-time RT-PCR assay is a sensitive and reliable method for the detection of CD4 mRNA, and that it could be used to reassess CD4+ infiltration status in resected specimens from patients with HNSCC.
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