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The characteristics of T lymphocytes’ subpopulations (helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, memory and others) have been described. Among T helper cells one can enumerate Th0, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, TFH and nTh2, while among T cytotoxic cells: Tc and NKT, Tγδ, T CD8αα (IEL). Among regulatory cells there are nTreg, iTreg, TR1, iTR35, together with lymphocytes T with CD8, such as CD8+CD122+, CD8+CD28, CD11c+CD8+, while among memory T cells there are Tcm and Tem. Moreover there are some so called “others” T cells, such as Tn (T αβ CD4+ i T αβ CD8+), T exhausted and T anergic.
For many years research on tumour development focused exclusively on the functions of cancer cells. Less attention was paid to tumour-associated cells, which form the tumour microenvironment. Nowadays we know that inflammatory infiltration cells associated with tumour proliferation may have a pro-tumour or an anti-tumour effect. Current studies are focused on interaction (cross-talk) between cells in the tumour microenvironment. Myeloid suppressor cells (MDSCs) and lymphocytes T are special groups of cells associated with tumour. Interaction between cancer cells, MDSCs and lymphocytes T leads to the development of an immunosuppression network that prevents effective combat against cancer cells and creates conditions favourable for tumour progression, migration and metastasis. The understanding of the crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells has become the main task of scientists and oncologists.
Most plant food products and feed ingredients can be contaminated with small doses of fusarial mycotoxins, which cause subclinical changes in humans and animals. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the effect of low doses of zearalenone (40 µg/kg BW) and deoxynivalenol (12 µg/kg BW) administered daily per os to gilts on T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4⁺CD8⁻,CD4⁺CD8⁺,CD4⁻CD8⁺) in mesenteric blood during six-week exposure. The experiment was conducted on 36 gilts with an average body weight of 25 ± 2 kg, divided into two groups: experimental (E – which received ZEN + DON) and control (C – which received a placebo). Changes in percentages of particular T-lymphocyte subsets were assessed by flow cytometry. Blood samples were taken at regular weekly intervals from 6 gilts during laparotomy, immediately before the heart’s action ceased. The analyses demonstrated that the E group had a transient decrease in the percentage of T-lymphocytes CD4⁺CD8⁺, as well as some disturbance in the linear correlation of growth within the same population of lymphocytes. Mixed low-dose mycotoxin can also be a cause of temporary immunity decline, as well as a factor responsible for disturbances during the maturation of the immune system.
The aim of the study was to show the dynamics of lymphocytes T (receptor CD5+ ), Th (receptor CD4+), Tc/Ts (receptor CD8+), B (receptor IgM . mu chain), as well as lymphocytes with receptor CD25+ in rabbits immunised with Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydophila psittaci. Moreover, a serological test was carried out. The analysis of the results indicated that the immunisation of rabbits with the studied antigens in case of lymphocytes T and their subpopulations caused a similar increase and decrease of their amount and in case of lymphocytes B only an increase. Those changes are noted in 7th . 14th day after the immunisation and they persist until 42nd . 56th day of the experiment. Moreover, the positive titre of antibodies was noticed on the 35th . 42nd day after the immunisation, i.e. 4-6 weeks after the changes in the amount of lymphocytes.
The aim of the study was to carry out a cytometric analysis of a lymphocyte subpopulation with markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD25 and to ascertain the serum level of TNF-α and IL-10 in the peripheral blood of rabbits with chronic trichophytosis, caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The suppression of cellular immune responses in trichophytic rabbits was characterized by an increase in the percentage of suppressor lymphocytes TCD8⁺ and a decrease in the proportion of TCD4⁺/TCD8⁺. The immunological profile of rabbits with chronic trichophytosis was characterized by an increased level of Th2 and, hence, by an increased production of IL-10. The high concentrations of IL-10 most probably generated anergic lymphocytes TCD4⁺ and TCD8⁺ which, in turn, induced antigenic specific immunosuppression. This is due to the key role that this cytokine plays in regulating immune responses aimed at restricting inflammation and increasing humoral immune responses while simultaneously blocking Th1 type cytokines.
The aim of the research was to determine the influence of a synthetic immunomodulator methisoprinol applied in ovo as a 10% solution in doses of 5 mg per egg (group I) and 20 mg of active substance per egg (group II) on the 26th day of incubation on T-lymphocyte subpopulations in the blood and spleen of 5-day-old turkeys hatched from the treated eggs. The control group (group III) were turkeys hatched from eggs in standard hatchery conditions (without in ovo injections). The percentage of T-lymphocyte subpopulations was determined by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal anti-T CD3⁺, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺antibodies and an EPICS XL apparatus. It was demonstrated that methisoprinol applied in ovo in doses of 5 mg per egg stimulated non-specific mechanisms of humoral immunity in 5-day-old turkey poults hatched from the treated eggs, which resulted in a higher percentage of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes in their blood and spleen. Methisoprinol applied in ovo in doses of 20 mg per egg stimulated mainly non-specific mechanisms of cellular immunity in 5-day-old turkey poults hatched from the treated eggs, as evidenced by a higher percentage of CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in the spleen.
The objective of the studies was to evaluate the effects of Isoprivet on the percentage of TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocytes in cats with the feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) and the therapy of FRDC. It was found that Isoprivet used three times at 2 or 7 day intervals in cats with FRDC appeared to be a potent stimulator of cellular immune response. This activity was evaluated by a flow cytometry on the basis of the percentage of CD4 and CD8 molecules on T lymphocytes and their relative proportions. Good therapeutic effect and a shortening of convalescence were obtained in cats with FRDC after three subcutaneous Isoprivet injections. Moreover, Isoprivet prevented open disease in cats exposed to contacts with FRDC cats. It may be used with success in prophylaxis and therapy in cats with the upper respiratory tract infection, especially in the endemics of FRDC in larger concentrations or breeding farms of cats.
The aim of the study was the comparison of the percentage of the T lymphocytes subpopulation in the blood of chickens vaccinated against Marek’s disease in ovo or during the first day of life. The commercial, lyophylised turkey vaccine strain HVT FC 126 was used in the experiment. A dose of 2400 PFU of the vaccine virus was applied to 28 chicken SPF embryos (group I) on the 18th day of incubation. Group II was constituted by 23 one-day-old chicks, inoculated with the mentioned dose of the virus, three hours after breeding. The control group was represented by twenty-two non vaccinated birds. All the groups were kept in separate rooms. Blood samples were collected on 1st , 3rd, 7th, 10th, 14th, 28th, 42th and 56th days of life. FICT labeled monoclonal mouse antibodies against chicken surface receptors CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ were applied for determining T lymphocyte subpopulations. A flow cytometer was used for the designation of markers on the cell surface. In the first week of life, a higher percentage of T lymphocytes CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ was observed in vaccinated birds (group I and II) in comparison to the control group. However, the observed differences were not statistically significant. Later on the examined parameters were similar to the physiological ones, but differentiation between particular groups was noticed. The vaccination with HVT FC 126 strain in ovo or in the first day of life did not result in quantitative changes in T lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD25 T lymphocyte subpopulations and the state of granulocytes activity in the peripheral blood of rabbits infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and immunized against trichophytosis by using the flow cytometry method. Our study revealed significant suppression of non-specific cellular antimycotic immunity in rabbits during the development of fungal lesions, which manifested a significant decrease in the phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism of granulocytes and the decrease of CD3, CD4 subpopulations and CD25 T lymphocytes. Simultaneously, the increase of suppressor CD8 T cells and CD4/CD8 T-cells ratio were observed. The vaccine Alopevac can be used as an effective vaccine against rabbit trichophytosis. Alopevac restored non-specific cellular antimycotic immunity and proper CD4/CD8 T-cells ratio, which contributed to the effective elimination of fungal lesions.
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