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In spite of the growing importance of the protective and social functions of forests, their productive function, including production of raw wood with a diversified assortment structure, is still prominent. Changes in the assortment structure depend to a large extent on tree species, habitat conditions and intensity of tending treatments. However, for the temporal organization of forest management, it is essential to recognize the dynamics of these changes in relation to stand age. The paper contains an analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in the assortment structure of the Ist site index pine stands in the Wilcze Bagno Forest Compartment (Pisz Forest District), depending on the length of the primary production of standing timber. Data from 10 forest stands similar in terms of habitat, stand density and management treatments were taken for analysis. These stands form a homologous series ranging in age between 40 and 130 years.
Scots pine is the dominant forest tree species in Poland covering 58.0% of the forest area and constituting 61.1% of timber resources. Theoretically, all types of cuttings can be used in pine stands, but the purpose of the paper is to analyse the share of the main groups of assortments obtained from such stands with the use of: clear, group and gradual cuttings. It should be remembered that all types and forms of cutting are ideological, and the choice of a particular system should be determined by the silviculture goal. We used the data from the years 2012−2014 to conduct the research. The analysis covered Scots pine stands from all forest districts of the State Forests National Forest Holding, in which this species had a share of 80 to 100%. We analysed clear (I), group (III) and gradual (IV) cutting systems. Over 3.1 million hectares of mono−species pine stands was analysed. Numerical data was obtained from the database of the State Forests Information System. The studies took into account the assortments that actually occurred in a given subclass of age, divided into the type of cuttings, aggregated into three categories: small, medium and large−sized timber. In Poland, in mono−species Scots pine stands, mainly I and III cutting systems (about 97% of analysed stands) were used, the remaining types of treatments were sporadic. The largest share of harvest was characterized by the pulpwood assortment in harvesting I and III and the sawmill wood in the IV cutting system. With age, a decrease in the proportion of small−sized assortments and a gradual increase in the share of large−sized assortments was observed, while in the case of medium−sized assortments, the culmination of the share occurs at the age of 35−45 years, in all the analysed cutting systems. The course of the fraction of sub−classes in the case of large and medium−sized assortments in I and III cutting systems was similar.
The article presents an analysis of the birch market in Poland in 2008−2012, including the acquisition (supply) of birch wood, the income structure, prices of birch wood, the structure of birch wood recipients and the volume of purchased timber. The necessary materials were obtained from the Forest Data Bank (BDL) and the State Forests Information System (SILP). The S2 wood assortment representing more than 54% of all assortment groups is most often harvested in Poland. Next come M1 representing 14%, as well as S4 and WC – each with share slightly exceeding 11%. The vast majority of the harvested and handled birch wood is in the group of medium−sized assortments S representing 66%, and in the group of small−sized assortments M representing 14%. Birch wood classified as large−sized W totals 20%. Similarly, timber assortments from group S2 also generate the largest portion of revenues (over 50% of total revenues from birch wood sales). High fluctuations in the prices of certain groups of birch wood assortments constitute a significant problem from the point of view of both the State Forests and wood consumers. A possible reduction in the supply of wood of this species in the future may deepen this phenomenon. Average sales prices of birch wood on the Polish market are lower than the prices obtained by timber producers in the neighbouring countries. The price differences in favour of foreign timber producers reach up to 20% and relate to roundwood in different quality and size classes. The exceptionally high technical quality of birch wood in our country does not translate to higher prices per cubic meter of raw timber in the domestic turnover. The sharp increase in the demand for a special type of fibres for the manufacture of many products characterized by exceptional strength (i.e. products from polymers) and textiles with special insulating properties, as well as the production of certain grades of paper and board, will stimulate the consumption of birch wood in the future.
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