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 Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight cysteine-rich protein with a number of roles in the pro/antioxidant balance and homeostasis of essential metals, such as zinc and copper, and in the detoxification of heavy metals, such as cadmium and mercury. Until now, detection of metallothionein in biological fluids remained difficult because of a lack of a broadly reactive commercial test. Meaningful comparison of the values of metallothionein concentrations reported by different authors using their specific isolation procedures and different conditions of enzyme-linked immunoassay is difficult due to the absence of a reference material for metallothionein. Therefore in the present study, we describe a quantitative assay for metallothionein in biological fluids such as plasma and urine performed by a direct enzyme-linked immunoassay using a commercially; available monoclonal mouse anti-metallothionein clone E9 antibody and commercial standards of metallothionein from rabbit liver and a custom preparation of metallothionein from human liver. The sensitivity of the assay for the standard containing two isoforms MT-I and MT-II from human liver was 140 pg/well. The reactivity of the commercial standards and standards containing two isoforms MT-I and MT-II isolated from human liver in our laboratory with a commercial monoclonal mouse anti-metallothionein clone E9 antibody were similar. This suggests that the described ELISA test can be useful for determination of metallothionein concentration in biological fluids. The concentrations of metallothionein in human plasma, erythrocyte lysate and in urine of smoking and non-smoking healthy volunteers are reported. Tobacco smoking increases the extracellular metallothionein concentration (plasma and urine) but does not affect the intracellular concentration (erythrocyte lysate).
Non-forest woody vegetation (scattered greenery) is currently a common feature of the rural European landscape and provides important ecosystem services. This study presents the statistically based classification of non-forest woody vegetation at the local level according to its structural characteristics mapped in the field. Using hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis, four groups (clusters) of non-forest woody vegetation were detected. Relation of groups of non-forest woody vegetation to altitude, slope gradient and distance from settlements was found, although differences in these factors between groups are small. Moreover, differences in spatial structure in terms of landscape ecology among groups of non-forest woody vegetation were examined and considerable differences among groups were recognized when comparing basic landscape metrics. Presented classification covers unique local or sub-regional groups of non-forest woody vegetation, but it is not sufficient for the national level. For this purpose, it is advocate advised that additional data be collected and official evidence of existing non-forest woody vegetation be generated.
The aim of the study was to investigate into the possibility of evaluating arctic fox fur basing on the correlation of laboratory measurements of hairs collected from various parts of the coat. The material involved samples of prime fur hairs of 20 two-year-old females of the blue arctic fox, collected at the end of January. The samples were cut by the skin at six places of the body, namely: the head (between the ears), back (in the middle between the tail base and the neck base), the side (below the place of sampling located on the back), belly (mid between the base of the front limbs and the vulva), the tail (in the middle of the dorsal side), as well as the shank. The samples were subjected to macro- and microscopic measurements. The results indicate that fur coat of arctic foxes is more dense, longer, and usually more intensely colored on the back, as compared to the belly. The hairs on the head and the limbs are much shorter and contain more awn hairs. The results reveal a very weak correlation of the morphological fur characteristics between different parts of the body. It has been found that it is impossible to objectively evaluate the basic structural characteristics and the dark tops of hairs in the arctic fox on the basis of a sample of hair from a single part of the body.
Ascorbic acid is one of the major metabolite in higher plants cells which is known as effective factor when the cells enter to “S” phase from “G1” phase of cytokinesis. This metabolite has antioxidant activity and increases plant tolerance against stressors such as salinity, pathogens, ozone, UV rays, etc. The current study used the common cellular and histological methods to evaluate the effect of 0.05 to 2.5 mM ascorbic acid on vegetative meristems of Aloe barbadensis plants obtained from stem explants propagated in vitro culture conditions. Results showed that low concentrations of ascorbic acid (0.5 to 1 mM) increase mitotic index in apical meristem and root quiescent center (QC). Moreover, treatment with ascorbic acid increases cellular dimensions in cell elongation region of root and mitotic divisions in this region. In some measurements, it was clear that in addition to increase root length in plants treated with ascorbic acid, distance from root hairs zone to root cap increases compared to the control, which is a logical conclusion from increasing cell elongation and divisions in cell elongation zone. Also, ascorbic acid increased production of secondary roots through stimulating cells of pericycle and increasing divisions in this region. Apical meristem of stem treated with ascorbic acid had more convexity homogenous with more chromophilic level. Increasing stem length and number of leaves in plants treated with ascorbic acid could be related to the high cells’ mitotic activity in stem apical meristem. Moreover, ascorbic acid could stimulate cell division, increasing area of meristem zone, and effective on severity of differentiation
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