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The econometric model can be a precise instrument for analysing the impact of natural environment deterioration on the fishing economy. The paper presents the results of empirical studies regarding the influence of water quality changes (water pollution) in Charzykowskie Lake on the fisheries management. We have developed the economic-ecological models, which explain, from the point of view of the fisheries management, the changes of economic yield of fishing in the conditions of increased water pollution and optimum content of various substances in the water of the lake. In the empirical studies we conducted, we have analysed the impact of environmental factors on the natural structure of fish caught in Charzykowskie Lake. The empirical results show that most measures of water pollution cause changes in the structure of caught fish. Also, it can be clearly concluded that the increase in the pollution level of the lake supports the increase in proportion of the caught species that yield lower economic benefits, while it inhibits the increase in the caught volume of species that are more economically valuable. Hence the conclusion that the actions aimed at limiting the pollution of the lake will stimulate the increase in the share of species that are much more economically viable. This type of structural changes testify to a particular kind of competition between fish species having different environmental requirements, although the empirical results of econometric modelling suggest the existence of such competition also in the group of fish sharing similar needs regarding the quality of their habitat. Consequently, this situation determines the nature of the impact on the fisheries management of Charzykowskie Lake. When we take into account the changes in the structure of fish population in Charzykowskie Lake within the observed variability range of the model’s variables, there also exist neutral factors that were potentially considered to be actively impacting the changes in the caught fish structure indicators. The proposed procedures of optimisation can serve as an instrument for programming the effectiveness of fisheries management in order to maintain ecological balance.
The paper analyzes legal regulations and statistical data on a lease and assesses their infl uence on structural changes in agriculture. Next, it presents the issue of lease in the context of the theory of institutional economics (in the framework of old and new institutional economics). The research has proved that a lease is an effective instrument of structural changes in the Polish village helping not only to create and enlarge the new farms but also to modernizing the existing ones. Currently, a lessee of agricultural land is an entity which, in order to run an effective business activity, has to conclude various agreements, file applications, invest. The development of a lease is part of a theory which promotes the image of an entrepreneurial person, entangled in social and institutional relationships, who enters into various agreements.
This paper examines the short- and long- term effects of increasing minimum wage rates for farm workers in South Africa on structural unemployment and rising food prices in the economy. The Pearson correlation model was used to establish association between variables. Analysis found a negative association (–0.651) between wage rate and employment of farm workers, while a positive (0.021) association was found to exist between wage rate (W) increases and food prices (Fp). No association (0.001) was found between employment and food prices (Fp). Co-integration was further employed to determine the short-term and long-term relationships, and the analysis found wages to have a positive and significant (0.453) effect on structural unemployment of farm workers. Unemployment was observed to be wage elastic in the long term and wage inelastic in the short term. The long-term relationship showed increasing unemployment in agriculture (L) and rising food prices (Fp) (1.168), while the short-term relationship showed a signifi cant error correction coeffi cient (ECT) with an expected starting point of 41.9% adjustment rate towards long-term equilibrium within a year. Structural analysis confi rmed an inelastic demand for basic food. The study suggest government subsidies to farmers through cost-cutting technologies and farm worker’s skills development on the use of these technologies.
Subject and purpose of work: The object and goal of the study is to present general development factors of bioeconomy and the desired directions of structural changes in this sector of economy. Materials and methods: This study was written with the use of publications devoted to this issue and documents of various institutions, especially those of the European Union. Results: The study attempts to demonstrate the importance of bioeconomy and the need for structural changes in bioeconomy. The authors highlight the need for transition within the social capitalism system from the concept of supply chains through agricultural complexes to the organisation of bioclusters. Conclusions: Evolutionary changes in the structure and functioning of bioeconomy are altered by the nature of competition between business partners in supply chains, which contributes to the consolidation of consumer benefits and counteracts over-exploitation of natural resources.
Analysis of structural changes of starch gels of the polymer content from 0.05 g/cm3 to 0.10 g/cm3 has been performed on the basis of results of a study by the DMT A and lH NMR methods. For gels of starch concentration below 0.08 g/cm3, the changes of the rigidity modulus are insignificant; a small increase is observed only in the first three hours of measurements. Gels of a higher starch content are characterised by much higher initial value of the rigidity modulus, which significantly increases with the time of measurements. The values of the rigidity modulus are determined by the density of network segments. In the systems with starch concentration up to 0.08 g/cm3, the initial and the final concentrations of the network segments show insignificant differences, while for the gels of a higher starch content these concentrations differ significantly. As follows from results of NMR relaxometry experiment, in the gels of a polymer concentration up to 0.08 g/cm3 no changes in water dynamics in time have occurred. In those of starch concentration above 0.08 g/cm3, the relaxation rate of water has changed in time. The maximum in the water relaxation rate observed after 3-4 hours of measurements indicates the process of water fixing in hydrates. A further monotonie decrease of the relaxation rate suggests that the water initially involved in the gel structure formation is evacuated from the starch network. This process should be related to respiralisation of amylopectin chains, whose participation in the gel structure formation increases with increasing polymer concentration. The results suggest that for the starch gels of polymer content lower than 0.08 g/cm3 the gel structure formed on cooling is saved and not subject to development. In the time range studied no changes in the parameters studied which could suggest the occurrence of starch rétrogradation have been observed, which has been interpreted as a result of a small contribution of amylopectin chains in formation of the gel spatial network.
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