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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule involved in several stress-resistance processes in plants, such as drought and heavy metal stresses. However, little is known about the roles of H2S in responses to chilling stress. In this paper, we demonstrated that chilling stress enhance the H2S levels, the H2S synthetase (L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase, L/DCD) activities, and the expression of L/DCD gene in Vitis vinifera L. ‘F-242’. Furthermore, the seedlings were treated with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) and hypotaurine (HT, a H2S scavenger) at 4°C to examine the effects of exogenous H2S on grape. The results revealed that the high activity of superoxide dismutase and enhanced expression of VvICE1 and VvCBF3 genes, but low level of superoxide anion radical, malondialdehyde content and cell membrane permeability were detected after addition of NaHS. In contrast, HT treatment displayed contrary effect under the chilling temperature. Taken together, these data suggested that H2S might be directly involved in the cold signal transduction pathway of grape.
The p53 tumor suppressor plays the role of a cellular hub which gathers stress signals such as damage to DNA or hypoxia and translates them into a complex response. p53 exerts its action mainly as a potent transcription factor. The two major outcomes of p53 activity are highlighted: cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. During malignant transformation p53 or p53-pathway related molecules are disabled extremely often. Mutations in p53 gene are present in every second human tumor. A mutant form of p53 may not only negate the wild type p53 function but may play additional role in tumor progression. Therefore p53 represents a relatively unique and specific target for anticancer drug design. Current approaches include several different molecules able to restore p53 wild-type conformation and activity. Such small molecule drugs hold great promise in treating human tumors with dysfunction of p53 pathway in the near future.
Listeria monocytogenes, a significant food-borne pathogen, must defy a variety of conditions encountered in the food environment and during the infection process. In reaction to adverse conditions, the bacteria significantly change their metabolism, inducing a stress response which is mediated by a range of alternative sigma factors. The extent of the response to stress was shown to vary in the L. monocytogenes population. According to recent evidence a major L. monocytogenes alternative sigma factor, designated sigma B (σB), regulates some virulence genes in response to stress, which supports an older hypothesis that stress-resistant strains should be more pathogenic. The induction of σB-dependent genes may also be important from the point of view of food hygiene. It seems that stress response activation can paradoxically enhance resistance to agents used in food preservation. Therefore, monitoring the expression of σB-dependent genes can serve as a useful marker to assess the innate resistance of L. monocytogenes strains. This knowledge will allow the design of new methods with sequential preservation steps that could inactivate the bacteria without inducing their stress response.
Background. Ectoparasitic infections of fish are considered to be stress inducing. However, only a few studies have addressed this topic. In addition, formalin bath treatment of rainbow trout is a generally applied method of controlling ectoparasites, but the stress response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as a result of such treatments with formalin, has not received much attention and therefore needs further elucidation. The present investigation addresses the stress-response induced by parasites and formalin treatment. Materials and Methods. Concentrations of plasma cortisol were monitored using ELISA. Samples were taken from groups subjected to confinement stress, infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and formalin bath treatment. Results. Rainbow trout clearly responded to harmful stimuli by increasing plasma cortisol concentrations. Confinement, formalin bath treatment, as well as infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis resulted in significant high cortisol concentrations in plasma compared to the unhandled and uninfected control groups. Conclusion. The present study showed that cortisol release in rainbow trout is associated with infection with the skin ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Formalin, which is used to control the parasite infection, also elicited a high production of this immuno-suppressing hormone in the host.
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays an important role in stress response and glucocorticoid action on the brain. It has been also shown that IL-6 plays a significant role in physiological and pathological brain development and is a crucial factor in the effects of prenatal immune challenge on physiological and behavioral abnormalities in adult offspring. We examined involvement of IL-6 in stressinduced changes in behavior and brain mechanisms in the adult mice. The PhenoRack system was used to non-invasively monitor mice home cage activity. Behavior of wild type mice C57BL/6J and IL-6 -/- knockout (IL-6 KO) mice were observed for 3 days using the PhenoRack system, which enables non-invasive monitoring of the mice home-cage activity (distance travelled, speeds and duration of movement, freezing). Mice were also subjected to standard behavioral tests. The open field test was used to establish the balance between exploratory behavior and anxiety evoked by the unknown, potentially dangerous situation. We measured the distance travelled in the open part of the arena, as well as time spent in it. We observed the sex-dependent effect of IL-6 on exploratory behavior. In all tested parameters IL-6 deficient females showed less anxiety than the wild type females. There was no difference in behavior in the open field between wild type and IL-6 deficient males. After finishing behavioral tests, the animals were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital and their brains were perfused transcardially with saline (0.9% NaCl) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The brains were cut on a cryostat into 40 µm sections and collected into 10 parallel series. Two of these series were stained with antibodies against glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors. One series from each brain was Nissl-stained for delineation of borders of the brain structures and evaluation of the number of cells in some of them. The number of hippocampal neurons and GRimmunopositive neurons in an area was estimated using the StereoInvestigator system (MicroBrightField Inc). Due to the crucial role of IL-6 in development of the hippocampus we evaluated the total number of cells in the CA1 field. We found that IL-6- deficient mice had significantly lower number of cells in the CA1 field and that almost all cells, unlike in wild-type mice, expressed the glucocorticoid receptor. Our preliminary results demonstrated that IL-6 is implicated in stress. Supported by the Polish National Science Center grant No 1577
Due to progress of ecological farming the breeders and farmers need to know how to store ecological cereal seed material. Investigations on the seed storage value of ecological and conventional seeds were performed on naked and hulled oat during 5 years of storage in a granary and long-term store. There were analysed germination capacity, mean germination time, vigour by the growth test according to ISTA method and response to drought stress. It was found that germination capacity and vigour were lowest for the organic seeds of cv. Polar stored in a granary. In the hulled cv. Krezus degradation process was delayed. In case of long-term storage, seed value was retained irrespective of the cultivar or method of cultivation. The highest response to drought stress occurred in organic seeds of cv. Polar taken from a granary. The response to drought stress of the hulled cv. Krezus was lower irrespective of method of cultivation.
Plant breeders have focused much attention on polyploid trees because of their resistance for forestry. To evaluate the impact of intraspecies genome duplication on NaHCO3 stress, a series of Betula platyphylla autotetraploids and diploids were generated from the same family. The growth, proline content and proline-associated gene expression of these autotetraploid individuals were compared with those diploid trees. Autotetraploids were superior in injury index and relative growth of height and base diameter compared to diploids. The proline content was higher in autotetraploid individuals compared to diploids. Gene expression data revealed autotetraploids were generally higher expression in BpP5CS1, BpP5CS2, Bp- P5CR1, BpP5CR2, BpP5CR3 and BpOAT and were lower expression in BpProDH and BpP5CDH compared to diploid trees. These results shed light on resistance variation in birch autotetraploidization and polyploidy breeding as a new approach for genetic improvement of birch trees.
Macrophages and cytokines are important in the control of inflammation and regulation of the immune response. However, they can also contribute to immunopathology in the host after viral infection and the regulatory network can be subverted by infectious agents, including viruses, some of which produce cytokine analogues or have mechanisms that inhibit cytokine function. African swine fever virus (ASFV) encodes a number of proteins which modulate cytokine and chemokine induction, host transcription factor activation, stress responses, and apoptosis. The aim of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms of immune responses to ASFV in different subpopulations of porcine macrophages. A transcriptional immune response in different resident tissue macrophages following ASFV infection was presented in many publications. ASFV-susceptible porcine macrophages can be of several origins, such as peripheral blood, lungs, bone marrow, etc. blood monocytes, blood macrophages, and lung macrophages have demonstrated a modulation of phenotype. Monocyte-derived macrophages could express surface markers not found on their monocyte precursors. Moreover, they can undergo further differentiation after infection and during inflammation. When viruses infect such cells, immunological activity can be seriously impaired or modified.
Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Plants are able to assimilate inorganic sulfur and incorporate it into organic compounds, while animals rely entirely on organic sources of sulfur. In the last decades sulfate availability in soils has become the major limiting factor for plant production in many countries due to significant reduction of anthropogenic sulfur emission forced by introducing stringent environmental legislation. The sulfur flux after transferring plants from optimal conditions to sulfur deficiency is regulated on multiple levels including transcription, translation and activity of enzymes needed for sulfate assimilation and synthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites. Most of these regulatory steps are not yet fully characterized. Plant responses to sulfur limitation are complex and can be divided into phases depending on the degree of sulfur shortage. The initial responses are limited to adaptations within sulfur metabolic pathway, while multiple metabolic pathways and developmental process are affected when sulfur shortage becomes more severe. The major aim of this work is a comprehensive review of recent progress in understanding the regulation of plant adaptations to sulfur deficit.
Pteridophytes and more specifically ferns represent a large but threatened group of plants which often serve as important environmental markers for pollution. Reports regarding stress responses in ferns are rare, apart from a few studies involving the ecological distribution and molecular marker studies. This work isolates a glutathione peroxidase enzyme from an aquatic fern widely distributed in fresh and polluted water bodies adjacent to sources of environmental polluted sources. Further computational analyses were performed to study the structure of the protein encoded by the open reading frame. Results indicate the presence of a large number of binding pockets which serve as important binding sites in the interactions with the cognate ligands.
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