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Strengthening of veneers for 3D-forming

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Strengthening of veneers for 3D-forming. 3D - forming of veneers is used only in limited extent. The reasons are wood properties, mainly anisotropy of wood. In this paper, we propose some chosen methods for strengthening of veneers in directions parallel and perpendicular to the grains, with strengthening means such as hotmelt adhesive and glass fibre with adhesive coating. Properties of modified veneers were compared with the properties of reference - untreated veneers. We compared these properties: strength and deformations - extension in tension, strength and deflection in bending, and 3D - formability. From the results, we can conclude that referred treatments resulted in a slight improvement of 3D - formability.
The paper presents the main conclusions of research on strengthening wooden elements with fibre composites, especially tapes and matting based on carbon CFRP fibres, which was carried out in the laboratories of the Silesian and Wrocław Technical Universities. Research involved testing elements at a technical scale with different load bearing levels. Tests were carried out on elements with both extemal strengthening and also strengthening inserted into strengthened elements. The goal of the paper is to present a straight-forward and effective method for strengthening wooden construction elements using fibre composites.
Following the statistics maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland dated 31 March 2014 currently 183 192 monuments have been listed at the territory of Poland. According to the list delivered in 2016 by the Provincial (Opole Province) Monument Conservator, 40 of them are threatened by a construction catastrophe. Some of them require an immediate construction intervention. The statistics show sobering figures but due to a various ownership status and financial situation of the owners unfortunately repairs are not carried out on a regular basis. On the basis of the geological and construction documentation it has been examined the settlement of one of the sacral monuments in Opole Province that was formed throughout centuries. The stage I has covered the analysis of the behaviour of the original foundation of a church settled on a slope. The stage II has embraced the analysis of the foundation that was strengthened and the slope that was secured by a brick retaining wall. The last III stage of calculations has been devoted to the foundations of the structure after being reinforced and the retaining wall strengthened by concrete reinforced coating and a palisade of micropiles anchored to the wall. The main focus has been put on limit equilibrium methods. On the basis of the results the slope and structure stability has been estimated. As to preserve the historic building for future generations the direction of further conservatory works has been determined.
This article presents general rules of determining load carrying capacity of timber beams strengthened with FRP materials with accordance to the American Standard PCF-5100 with relevance to the European. In addition, the conclusions from the comparison of the theoretical load carrying capacity and deflections evaluated on basis of PCF-5100 and PCF-6046 with the results of the laboratory tests conducted on full-scale beams are presented.
The Late Triassic was a time of pronounced radiation in several groups of foraminifers. The rapid evolutionary processes in the Suborder Involutinina caused particularly high diversification of these aragonitic foraminifers, which became a key group for Upper Triassic biostratigraphy. Among them, Triasina hantkeni and Triasina oberhauseri are regarded as the most precise guide fossils. However, while these species are widely used, a poor documentation of the detailed test struc− ture of T. oberhauseri has resulted in misidentifications. The exceptional preservation and abundance of Triasina oberhauseri in the Upper Triassic deposits of the Black Marble Quarry (Wallowa terrane, Oregon, USA) has allowed us to make the first detailed observations of its coiling, innermost structure and lamellae arrangement and to recognize mor− phological features that were either wrongly interpreted or not described in the original systematic definition of the spe− cies. In this paper, we demonstrate that the species possesses characteristics that hamper its assignment to Triasina and we propose a new genus, Aulosina, to accommodate this taxon. Placing emphasis on the accuracy of the morphological de− scription, the diagnosis and the systematic definition of the species are here improved. The identification of innovative features in Aulosina oberhauseri (strengthenings, shortened lamellae) highlights new evolutionary trends for the lineage of Involutinina that have proved useful for the establishment of phylogenetic links between involutinid genera and for un− derstanding the evolutive steps leading to the formation of inner−pillars in tubular foraminifers. The increasing complex− ity of Involutinina representatives at the end of the Triassic, notably marked by the appearance of internal structures in Triasininae, leads us to regard them as probable symbiont−bearing foraminifers.
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