Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 14

Liczba wyników na stronie
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 1 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników

Wyniki wyszukiwania

Wyszukiwano:
w słowach kluczowych:  strategia DIVA
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 1 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), in contrast to the antigen used for the production of FMD vaccine, can replicate in animals. As a result of infection the specific antibody to the viral structural proteins (SPs) and non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV are synthesized. The laboratory diagnostic methods based on individual NSPs, e.g. 3D, 2C and 2B, as well as polypeptides, such as 3AB and 3ABC can be used for differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). This article presents the aim, principle, methods and results of applying DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. The marker vaccines which enable differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and appropriate ELISA serological tests for detection of antibodies to the NSPs of FMDV have been described. DIVA strategy makes it possible to reduce the economic losses and restore possibilities of international trade in animals and animal products. This strategy may be an alternative of the administrative “stamping-out” eradication method. The essential aim of DIVA strategy is realization of the so-called “vaccinate-to-live” policy, which is based on the principle that vaccinated animals exposed to FMDV will not transmit the virus. These animals are not epidemiologically risky, and therefore do not have to be eliminated. It is necessary to develop new vaccines and improve those already used as well as the application of reliable diagnostic tests to detect FMDV in vaccinated livestock populations.
The article discusses the essence, purposes, methods of realizing and benefits of applying DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy for the eradication of infectious diseases of animals. Various types of marker vaccines and compatible serological tests suitable for use in this strategy are characterized. The article presents possibilities, principles, results and perspectives of applying DIVA strategy to eradicate Aujeszky«s disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, classical swine fever, bovine viral diarrhoea and mucosal disease, foot and mouth disease, avian influenza, porcine parvovirus infection, bluetongue, equine influenza and African horse sickness. Through the application of marker vaccines which enable differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals as well as detection of asymptomatic carriers and shedders, DIVA strategy makes it possible to rid the population of many dangerous pathogens causing epizootics and panzootics. In appreciating the considerable importance of modern marker vaccines in the comprehensive eradication programmes for infectious diseases, this strategy not only considerably reduces economic losses and restores possibilities of international trade in animals and animal products, but also constitutes an alternative to the extremely expensive and sometimes strongly criticized administrative eradication method. That is why DIVA strategy should be more and more often applied for the eradication of infectious diseases in animals, but some of its elements, concerning mainly vaccine evaluation and the monitoring of infections in vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups of people, could also be utilized in public health protection.
This paper discusses important issues that have to be taken into account in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious animal diseases, particularly swine diseases. Some of the most fundamental issues are standardization and harmonization of diagnostic tests in the international scale. Different approaches to test selection are related to the etiology of the infectious disease. The paper mentions diseases caused by one pathogen, diseases of multifactorial etiology and subclinical infections. The importance of a disease-free herd is underlined - particularly for eradication and the possibility of exporting animals. The difference between qualitative and quantitative results is defined. The number of samples used and the gold standard, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests are characterized. The DIVA strategy is mentioned. The value of laboratory diagnosis in dealing with disease syndromes and infections caused by facultativly pathogenic microorganisms is described. Limitations of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of infectious swine diseases are also enumerated.
Although the “stamping-out” policy in combination with movement and trade restrictions of poultry and poultry products are the major methods of avian influenza (AI) eradication, especially its highly pathogenic form (HPAI), vaccination can be considered as a valuable tool in AI control. The international regulations allow for the implementation of vaccination policies with strict provisions. One of the major components of the vaccination program should be “DIVA” (“Detecting Infected from Vaccinated Animals”) strategy. DIVA is a concept allowing the detection of infection in a vaccinated population of animals. It consists of the application of sentinel birds, vaccines and DIVA companion serological tests differentiating post-infection from post-vaccination antibodies. At present, inactivated vaccines are most commonly used, but other vaccines such as recombinant vector or DNA vaccines have also been licensed and utilized. Vaccination against HPAI H5N1 has been used most extensively in Asia, especially in the People’s Republic of China, and to some extent in other parts of the world, including Europe. Countries which have the experience of poultry vaccination to combat AI caused by subtypes other than H5N1 include: Italy (H7N1, H7N3), Mexico (H5N2), USA (numerous subtypes).
The role of vaccines in the control of different infectious diseases of animals and in the eradication of their etiological agents in their organisms (carriership) was evaluated. The following diseases were the subject of this review: foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, highly pathogenic avian influenza, Aujeszky’s disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and diseases caused by facultatively pathogenic microorganisms. After a time period when the stamping out method was recommended, in some cases totally replacing vaccination, the present approach particularly with regards to eradication and gaining or regaining the status of free zones or countries of the disease in question, was presented. Using the vaccination of non infected animals around the zone of disease occurrence, especially with marker vaccines and the application of DIVA strategy, which enables differentiating infected and vaccinated animals, a more effective and less expensive way leading to the eradication of infection and of elimination of the disease being the prerequisite of the status of freedom of disease was proposed. The paper indicates that in relation to diseases caused by facultatively pathogenic microorganisms the role of vaccines is restricted to their control. Since a commonly occurring carriership without an influence on the productivity of animals occurs, in this case the eradication is without importance.
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 1 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.