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Resistance in the hematophagous arthropods - problem on the rise. I. Resistance mechanisms to insecticides. Hematophagous arthropods are pesky but can also be very dangerous to human health due to their ability to act as vectors to many viral, bacterial or parasite-related diseases. The common application of chemicals to control pests leaded to the increasing resistance to pesticides among both insects and ticks. The causes underlying the appearance of the resistance and the mechanisms involved are presented in this article. The description of mechanisms is presented starting from decreased penetration of the pesticide, to an increase in metabolism of pesticide, to the reduced sensitivity of the pesticide's target.
Resistance in the hematophagous arthropods - problem on the rise. II: The consequences of resistance and management strategies to avoid resistance development. Insecticide resistance has been a problem in all insects groups. Resistance has developed to every chemical class of insecticide, including microbial drugs and insect growth regulators. The result of rising resistance could be either increase in the number of arthropods cumbersome, like lice, or spread of arthropod-borne diseases, like malaria. The main tool of prevention against resistance is surveillance of the susceptibility of populations. Careful scrutiny of current information about vector resistance shows that the full effect of resistance on control efforts is not known. Resistance management strategies are dependent on early detection of the occurrence of resistance and efficient monitoring of resistance gene frequencies in populations. Detection of the susceptibility of a population could be shown trough bioassay, biochemical assay, or molecular assay. Resistance management can help avoid resistance development in populations or slow the rate of resistance development.
The article reviews literature concerning the prevalence of major parasitic invasions in ostriches (Struthio camelus). It describes selected parasites from different systematic groups: protozoa (from genera Eimeria, Isopsora, Cryptosporidium, Balantidium, Entamoeba, Histomonas, Trichomonas), trematodes (Philophtahalmus sp.), tapeworms (Houttuynia struthioni), roundworms (Libyostrongylus spp, Codiostomum struthionis), mallophaga (Sruthiolipeurus spp) and acari (Dermoglyphus pachycnemis, Gabucinia bicaudata).
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Stawonogi - wektory chorob transmisyjnych

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Arthropods may be obligatory or facultative vectors of transmissible diseases. Various relations exist between arthropod reservoirs and vectors of which the most important are trophic, topic and phoric associations. Arthropods could be biological or mechanical vectors and transmit pathogens in an active or passive way. Among different taxonomic groups of arthropod vectors the mostimportant are hard ticks (Ixodidae). The following biological features of ticks support their role as reservoirs and vectors of disease agents: anatomical structure; feeding mechanisms, mostly an ability of the intake of large volumes of host blood and an ability of the injection of large amounts of saliva into host's body; change of hosts during life cycle; a possibility of the long persistence of pathogens in tick's population due to the transstadial, transovarial, transspermal and hyperparasitic transmission, and parallel feeding; longevity of ticks compared to rodents; a possibility of geographical distribution.
Centipede (Chilopoda) communities in Mazovian forests and urban greens of Warsaw differ considerably in composition but contain mainly indigenous species. Urban greens accommodate fewer centipede species, the number decreasing as anthropopression becomes more intense. In both types of habitats, the communities are characterised by a similar model of structure, best preserved in the edaphic component, with one dominant accounting for over 60% of a community. The epigeic components of the communities have less stable compositions and structures, as expressed by changes in potential and actual species diversity.
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Pasozyty zewnetrzne bobra Castor fiber L. z Popielna

63%
24 live beavers were examined during the period from December 1986 to October 1987 at Popielno. 12 species of Acari (10 Schizocarpus, 2 Ixodes) and Platypsyllus castoris (Insecta, Coleoptera). Schizocarpus numerosus was the most frequent (21 beavers were infested), then S. brachyurus - 17 beavers infested. The rarest were S. capitis, which were noted only in two beavers.
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