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In an in uitro experiment the effect of three statins (atorvastatin [Sortis], simvastatin [Zocor], fluvastatin [Lescol]) on the growth of 5 bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli and 4 saprophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces longisporoflavus, Streptomyces intermedius, Streptomyces odoriver, Streptomyces viridis was tested. The experiments were carried out on solidified substrata with microorganisms covered with filter paper rings soaked with aqueous solution of every tested statin used in different concentrations. It was found that examined substances can inhibit the growth of certain saprophytic microorganisms. Fluvastatin rather than simvastatin or atorvastatin produces stronger effect on bacteria and actinomycetes.
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has emerged as a novel target for controlling plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. At present it is clear that the major classes of commonly prescribed lipid-lowering medications increase serum PCSK9 levels and fail to protect a significant percentage of patients from cardiovascular events. Therefore development of new LDL-C lowering medications that either do not increase circulating PCSK9 levels or work through inhibition of PCSK9 expression and protease activity is a highly desirable approach to overcome hypercholesterolemia. Since there are several agents which are being evaluated in human preclinical and clinical trials, this review summarizes current therapeutic strategies targeting PCSK9, including specific antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and other small-molecule inhibitors.
Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), the key enzyme of the sterol biosynthesis pathway. Statin therapy is commonly regarded as well tolerated. However, serious adverse effects have also been reported, especially during high-dose statin therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of statins on gene expression profiles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Expression of 102, 857 and 1091 genes was changed substantially in HepG2 cells treated with simvastatin, fluvastatin and atorvastatin, respectively. Pathway and gene ontology analysis showed that many of the genes with changed expression levels were involved in a broad range of metabolic processes. The presented data clearly indicate substantial differences between the tested statins.
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