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1

Health condition and structure of pine stands on permanent experimental plots in the Kwidzyn Forest Division

100%

Beker C., Wudarczyk M.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria

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2007

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tom 06

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nr 4

The study presents the health condition and structure of pine stands growing on permanent experimental plots in the Kwidzyn Forest Division, the Ryjewo working circle, the Lisewo Forest District. Forest mensuration analyses were performed in a 127-year old pine stand (compartment 214), in five plots of 0.26 ha each. The health condition of the stand was determined on the basis of the losses of the assimilatory organs, i.e. defoliation. Mean defoliation of tree crowns was 20.3% (below the warning level), which corresponds to the damage rate of 1.14. A vast majority, i.e. 67% of the 176 analysed trees, represented damage rate 1 (Table 2). Taking into consideration the age of the stand (127 years) and its provenance (it was planted on former farmland) the health condition may be considered good. The structure of social classes of tree position in the stand shows an appropriate share of the upper storey (81.2-95.1%) and the second storey (4.9-18.8%). When analysing the basic characteristics of the stand structure it was found that the biggest variation was observed in crown length (from 17% to 30%), while the smallest – in height (from 6% to 9%). The mean relative crown length in the stands ranged from 0.21 to 0.24. Tree slenderness, defining resistance of trees to damage caused by wind and snow took mean values below 1.0 (from 0.71 to 0.83). This shows good stability of the analysed stands. Those stands are characterized by high yields of 465-614 m3 large timber per 1 ha and stocking of 1.0 to 1.3. As a result of the analyses of the interdependencies between the basic mensuration characteristics the most significant relationship was found for diameter at breast height and slenderness (from –0.718 to –0.913), height and absolute crown length (0.619-0.715) and diameter at breast height and height (0.161-0.708; Table 4). The trends in the annual increment in diameter at breast height showed the biggest decreases in the years 1977-1983, 1969-1974, 1962-1967, 1956-1960 and 1949-1952 (Fig. 6). Those periods coincide with gradations of nun moths and adverse weather conditions.

2

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Changes in the structure of tree stands on bog habitats in the Bialowieza forest

84%

Czerepko J.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

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2010

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tom 52

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nr 1

The analyses of 4 permanent study plots located in the Białowieża forest (NE Poland, at 52º43´ N, 23º50´ E) were carried out 4 times, first time in 1973 or 1974 and next in 1985, 1998, 2008. The paper presents the results of a long–term study on natural forest dynamics in two forest communities: raised-bog pine forest of the association Ledo-Sphagnetum magellanici Sukopp 1959 em. Neuhäusl 1969 and transitional bogs represented by the boreal spruce forest Sphagno girgensohnii-Piceetum Polak. 1962. On each measurement date the DBH of all trees were recognized. At the same time, stems of shrub species as well as tree species with the height lower than 1.3 m were counted within the experimental areas. During the study period the structure of stands changed significantly. The major change observed on raised bog sites was an increase in numbers of Betula spp., Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and Quercus robur L. After 34th-year of observations the boreal spruce forest stand partly passed the terminal phase and regenerated. New species occurred in the stands, especially in their lower layer, are typical for oak-lime-hornbeam forest, such as e.g. Carpinus betulus L., Q. robur, Acer platanoides L. Rapid development of Corylus avellana L. was also observed. During last decades, the decrease in the number of Pinus sylvestris L. trees has been observed. The results of analyses of stand data in four research periods show that the wetland habitat of the Białowieża forest has been a subject to the processes of succession conditioned by environmental changes such as desiccation through lowering of the water table as well as climatic changes entailing inter alia an increase of the air temperature and a decrease of precipitation.

3

Effect of tree layer and microsite on the variability of natural regeneration in autochthonous beech forests

84%

Vacek Z., Vacek S., Podrazsky V., Bilek L., Stefancik I., Moser W. K., Bulusek D., Kral J., Remes J., Kralicek I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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tom 63

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nr 2

European beech is a superior competitor among the trees of Central Europe, often growing in pure stands. We proposed a hypothesis, that once beech has reached dominance in forest community, it's recruitment could become limited due to the gradual accumulation of pathogens attacking seeds and seedlings. We employed data on seed production and germination along with a field experiment to estimate the germination success of beech in two old-growth forests. Beech produced more seeds than the co-occurring coniferous trees, but less than 1% of beechnuts germinated in the next season. In the field experiment, the percentage of decayed beechnuts was 57% in the Carpathians and 61% in the Alps. Most of the dead germinants and decayed beechnuts were infested by fungi. The average number of fungal colonies per one sample in the Carpathians was significantly higher after mast year than one year before, while the differences between the Alps and Carpathians after mast years were statistically not significant. Fungi have been isolated from practically all dead beechnuts and dead germinants. The number of beechnuts per seed trap, the number of germinants around it and the relative number of fungal colonies obtained from plastic boxes placed in the same sample plot were not significantly correlated. The mortality of germinants continued throughout the spring; the number of life germinants in the middle of May amounted to 0.87% of the initial number of beechnuts in the Carpathians and only 0.28% in the Alps. High rates of beechnut and germinant mortality could probably offset the huge reproductive effort of European beech in old-growth stands and limit the possibility to attain absolute dominance by that species. However, our hypothesis that the build-up of fungal pathogens on the forest floor old-growth stands is able to stop the regeneration of beech still needs to be tested using larger data sets.

4

Structural diversity closely associated with canopy species diversity and stand age in species-poor montane forests on Loess Plateau of China

84%

Liu N., Wang H., Nan H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 2

High species diversity is often accompanied with and supported by a diversified stand structure in species-rich natural forests. However, the relationship between species diversity and stand structural diversity is less examined in species-poor forests. In montane forests on Loess Plateau of north-central China in a semi-arid climate zone, canopy species diversity and vertical structure of 57 broadleaves, conifer and mixed stands, with varying stand ages and site conditions, were randomly sampled. Canopy species diversity was represented by Shannon's index (H'). Stand structural diversity was represented by two indices respectively, i.e. coefficients of variation of diameter measurements at breast height (CVdbh) and Shannon's index of diameter classes (H'dbh). Structural equation models (SEMs) were constructed to explore multiple relationships between stand structural diversity and canopy species diversity, stand age and elevation. Both stand structural diversity indices increased directly with H' and stand age. However, indirect positive effect of stand age via increasing H' was only significant on CV. H'dbh provided positive feedback on H', while effect of stand age was only indirect via increasing structural diversity. Elevation significantly affected coefficients of variation of diameter, which was probably a sampling effect due to narrow distribution of broadleaves-conifer stands in altitudinal range. In conclusion, the results showed that stand structural diversity and canopy species diversity and stand age are closely associated with the species-poor montane forests like these on Loess Plateau of north-central China.

5

Ecology and conservation status of Taxus baccata population in NE Chalkidiki, northern Greece

84%

Katsavou I., Ganatsas P.

Dendrobiology

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2012

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tom 68

Taxus baccata L. is a rare species threatenedwith extinction in Greece, as in other parts of Europe. This paper deals with the ecological status of the species in the area of NE Chalkidiki northern Greece, where the species appears in one of the greatest populations of the country. Site, standand yew population characteristics were studied in the area that species occupies. Eleven sample plots were marked, and on each plot, the height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured for all yew trees, as well as for all the individuals of the rest tree species, with diameter at breast height greater than 4 cm. Tree vitality of all trees was also estimated according to IUFRO classification. Yew radial growth was studied using tree-ring analysis. Tree natural regeneration was investigated within subplots of different dimensions and according to two height classes. Results showed that yew population occurs in stands dominated by beech, presenting a mean density of 301 trees per hectare, with a total population of 430 trees with DBH above 4 cm. It forms the secondary stand, and dominates in the stand understorey, accompanied with Fagus sylvatica and Ilex aquifolium, while it appears rarely in the overstorey. Yew tree vitality was foundto be quite high, and significantly higher than that of beech. Radial growth of the sampled trees follows a slow and constant annual increment gradually decreasing by tree age. Yew natural regeneration was foundto be relatively low, 1341.8 individuals (seedlings and saplings up to 1 m) per hectare. Management and in situ conservation of the species in the area should focus on species protection measures, andon specific silvicultural treatments for creating favourable conditions for species growth.

6

Influence of land relief and soil properties on stand structure of overgrown oak forests of coppice origin with Sorbus torminalis

84%

Szymura T. H., Szymura M., Pietrzak M.

Dendrobiology

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2014

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tom 71

Traditional forest management as coppicing and coppicing-with-standard are recently considered as beneficial for biodiversity in woodlands. Cessation of coppicing leads to changes in stand structure and often loss of biodiversity. In contemporary Polish forestry coppicing is not applied, however some stands of coppice origin persist in Silesia until present. The overgrown coppice oak forests that cover the southern slopes at the foothills of the Sudetes Mountains (Silesia, Central Europe) are considered to be Euro-Siberian steppic woods with a Quercus sp. habitat (91I0): a priority habitat in the European Union, according to the Natura 2000 system. They support one of the largest populations of wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis Crantz) in Poland. In this study we investigated the relation of stand structure and trees parameters with environmental variables. The results showed considerable variability of stand volume, tree density and stems’ size correlated mostly with soil texture, but not nutrient content. We attributed it to soil dryness which seems to be the crucial factor controlling growth of trees. The natural regeneration of trees concentrated mostly on non-exposed sites on less acidic soils, but seedlings of wild service tree were present almost exclusively on most insolated sites, with shallow acidic soils. However, the regeneration of trees in sapling stage was restrained by browsing. Results suggest that maintaining of Sorbus torminalis requires protection against browsing, and some kind of active management is necessary to retain the observed stand structure with high proportion of wild service trees in stands on more fertile soils.

7

Budowa i struktura drzewostanow o charakterze pierwotnym w rezerwacie Swiety Krzyz [Swietokrzyski Park Narodowy]

67%

Jaworski A., Podlaski R., Waga T.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1999

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tom 37

27-51

The mean volume of stands with fir and beech in their species composition in the study plots Święty Krzyż 1 and Święty Krzyż 2 was 521 m3/ha and 203 m3/ha respectively. These stands were many-storeyed and of many generations with the structure of the distribution of trees by d.b.h. close to Liocourt-Meyer curve. In volume of standing dead trees and dead wood laying on the ground, amounting together to 41.1% of stand volume of living trees in the plot Święty Krzyż 1 and 171.6% in the plot Święty Krzyż 2, predominated fir 99.4% and 100% in total volume of standing dead trees, and 46,2% and 82% in total volume of laying dead wood in respective plots. Fir was most abundant in the new growth layer (78.3% in the plot Święty Krzyż 1, and 39% in the plot Święty Krzyż 2), while beech decidedly dominated in the upgrowth layer (54.2% and 50.8% in respective plots). The stand in the plot Święty Krzyż 1 was considered to be in the growing up stage with the phase of storeyed form, while the one in the plot Święty Krzyż 2 in a transitional stage between the break up stage and the growing up stage with an intermediate phase between the regeneration phase and the phase of storeyed form.

8

Struktura i dynamika dolnoreglowych drzewostanów o charakterze pierwotnym w Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym (na przykładzie trzech powierzchni doświadczalnych)

67%

Jaworski A., Kaczmarski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1990

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tom 29

9

Stem volume and aboveground woody biomass in noble fir [Abies procera Rehder] stands in the Rogow Arboretum [Poland]

67%

Jagodzinski A. M., Banaszczak P.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria

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2010

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tom 09

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nr 2

9-24

The study was carried out in 39- and 43-year-old stands of noble fir (Abies procera Rehder) grown in the Rogów Arboretum of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (Poland). The main objectives of our study were (1) to estimate stem volume over bark of noble fir grown out of its natural range, (2) to develop suitable allometric equations for estimating aboveground woody biomass components and (3) to estimate aboveground woody biomass components using site-specific allometric equations and to compare them with biomass estimated using allometric equations developed in stands grown within natural range of noble fir. The study showed that the mean DBH of trees was 20.14 cm in the younger stand and 22.25 cm in the older stand. The basal area of the 39-year-old stand was 49.01 m2·ha-1 and 43-year-old stand was 47.53 m2·ha-1. Based on the developed equation stem volume over bark was 374.87 m3·ha-1 and 356.24 m3·ha-1 in the 39- and 43-year-old stands, respectively. Based on the developed site-specific allometric equations total aboveground woody biomass in the 39-year-old stand was 189 Mg·ha-1 whereas in the 43-year-old stand it was 184 Mg·ha-1. Branch biomass in both stands equaled 19.9% of total aboveground wood biomass. Total aboveground woody biomass, estimated by allometric equations published by Ter-Mikaelian and Korzukhin [1997], equaled 233 Mg·ha-1 and 228 Mg·ha-1 in the 39- and 43-year-old stands, respectively. This means that the aboveground woody biomass is overestimated by ca. 23% in comparison with biomass estimated by our site-specific allometric equation. Generally, the existing equations published by Ter-Mikaelian and Korzukhin [1997] overestimated total aboveground woody biomass and stem biomass, while branch biomass was underestimated across all tree sizes compared to directly obtained biomass data.

10

Structural diversity and production of alder stands on former agricultural land at high altitudes

67%

Vacek Z., Vacek S., Podrazsky V., Kral J., Bulusek D., Putalova T., Balas M., Kalouskova I., Schwarz O.

Dendrobiology

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2016

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tom 75

The paper deals with the structural diversity and production of a less frequently studied type of alder stands originated on former agricultural lands in the 1950s, established partly by plantation and partly by natural succession in the area of the Krkonoše Mts. and the Orlické hory Mts. (Czech Republic). Four permanent research plots (PRP) were established at sites where Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) and Grey alder (Alnus incana L. Moench.) naturally occurs, each plot of 0.25 ha in size. The aim of the study was to evaluate the structure and development of the alder stands with respect to biodiversity, horizontal, vertical and species structure, diameter increment with emphasis on climate factors, and the quantity and quality of timber production. The results document low diversification of the studied stands in the PRPs. The horizontal structure is defined as random and clumped at sites at the highest altitude with high water table. The number of living trees with DBH ≥ 4 cm ranges between 556 to 828 trees ha-1 with the relative stand density index (SDI) 0.67–0.77. The stand volume ranges from 247 to 393 m3 ha–1, and decreases with higher altitudes. Low temperatures is limiting factor for radial growth in the high mountain areas, respectively low precipitation in the middle lands. Owing to a rather specific site character, as especially the spring area, the stands exhibit only average production, but the production quality is generally high. The quality timber is suitable for industrial use; the rot-affected trunk base parts usable for fuel represent only approximately 16%.

11

The stand structure and natural regeneration of Abies alba Mill. in reserves on the northern margin of its distribution in SW Poland

67%

Szymura T. H.

Dendrobiology

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2007

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tom 57

55-62

The silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the area of Wał Trzebnicki is at the northern limit of its distribution in western Poland. This study was performed in three nature reserves with protected silver fir populations. The stands in these reserves were mixed, with complex spatial structure and abundant tree regeneration. The proportion of fir in stands was around 16% of DBHS, the age of trees reached around 130 years. The silver fir occurs mainly in the sapling stage, whereas the number of seedlings was very low. The results of this study show the influence of forest floor vegetation as well as litter type on the emergence of fir seedlings. The seedlings density was compared with the results of other studies from different geographical areas and stands type in Poland.

12

Allometric models of foliage biomass in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

67%

Jelonek T., Pazdrowski W., Walkowiak R., Arasimowicz-Jelonek M., Tomczak A.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2011

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tom 20

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nr 2

Presented analyses were connected with modelling foliage biomass of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in northern and western Poland. In order to realize the study, a total of 38 one-hectare experimental plots were established in commercial pine monocultures growing on sites optimal for this species at a given geographical location. A total of 114 trees aged 32-114 years were felled and their needle weight and the weight of needles and young, 1-year old twigs were measured. Since social variation in the stand could affect the fit of the model, for each social class of tree position an individual allometric equation was proposed, based on easily measurable biometric traits of trees. Analysis of stepwise backward regression was conducted in order to determine variables in these equations. It turned out that to estimate foliage biomass of predominant and dominant trees, it seems most appropriate to apply diameter at breast height and tree age. In turn, for co-dominant trees, apart from diameter at breast height and tree age, the model needs to include additionally tree height and crown length. Moreover, due to the fact that the dependence between needle weight and the weight of needles and young twigs is practically linear, prediction was conducted for the biomass of foliage with young twigs. From the practical point of view, this makes it possible to precisely determine needle biomass on the basis of the weight of needles with young, 1-year-old shoots.

13

Stand structure and natural regeneration of Taxus baccata at "Stiwollgraben" in Austria

67%

Dhar A., Ruprecht H., Klumpp R., Vacik H.

Dendrobiology

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2006

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tom 56

19-26

English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a rare tree species in Austria and gene conservation forests reserves are used to maintain English yew populations by silvicultural treatments. This paper describes the current situation of an English yew population at “Stiwollgraben”in Austria with regard to stand structure, vitality and natural regeneration. The area is one of the most important sites in Austria as it consists of 2236 yews.The vitality condition of the yew is very good, and more than 79% of the yews have been assessed as very vital to vital. The potentiality for natural regeneration (13019 one-year seedlings ha–1) is very high, but not all height classes are represented. This indicates a high survival ability of English yew at this site. Three different treatment strategies are described to maintain the yew population. The future effects of these treatments are discussed in the light of the environmental requirements of English yew.

14

Struktura drzewostanu bukowego w roznych warunkach siedliskowych w Beskidzie Malym [Karpaty Zachodnie]

67%

Kimsa T., Majchrzak B., Sliwinska-Wyrzychowska A.

Acta Biologica Silesiana

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2000

|

tom 34

7-18

15

Dynamika, budowa i struktura drzewostanow w rezerwacie Labowiec

67%

Jaworski A., Karczmarski J., Skrzyszewski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1994

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tom 32

3-26

Praca zawiera charakterystykę zmian wybranych cech, dotyczących m.in. budowy, struktury i składu gatunkowego drzewostanów w rezerwacie „Łabowiec", w latach 1980-1990. Вadania oparto na analizie danych zebranych na 15 poletkach próbnych, rozmieszczonych według zasad inwentaryzacji statystyczno-matematycznej, i na 2 klasycznych powierzchniach doświadczalnych, usytuowanych w charakterystycznych fragmentach rezerwatu.

16

Budowa i struktura drzewostanów w rezerwacie "Łabowiec"

67%

Jaworski A., Kopec L.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1988

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tom 27

17

Charakterystyka budowy i struktury oraz wybranych cech hodowlanych dolnoreglowego jodlowego drzewostanu przerebowego w Karpackim Parku Przyrodniczym na Ukrainie

59%

Kaczmarski J., Lorys S.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1993

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tom 31

81-95

Na podstawie analizy zasobności, składu gatunkowego, krzywych rozkladu pierśnic, budowy warstwowej, liczebności odnowień oraz innych wybranych cech, scharakteryzowano dolnoreglowy drzewostan jodłowy o dobrze wykształconej strukturze prze rębowej i wysokim zapasie.

18

Budowa i struktura lasu lipowego w rezerwacie Obrozyska

59%

Jaworski A., Kaczmarski J., Skryszewski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1993

|

tom 31

57-79

Na podstawie analizy rozkładu pierśnic oraz wysokości, zasobności, składu gatunkowego, masy posuszu i innych cech drzewostanu lipowego w Obrożyskach, scharakteryzowano - na przykładzie 3 powierzchni doświadczalnych - dwa stadia rozwojowe lasu pierwotnego. Podano także skład gatunkowy odnowień. W rezerwacie zwraca uwagę duża zasobność drzewostanów i ich dobra jakość.

19

Bukowe lasy o charakterze pierwotnym jako model lasow przerebowych

59%

Jaworski A., Kolodziej Z., Opyd Z.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

|

2000

|

tom 38

3-31

Investigations were carried out in series of 6 permanent study areas (5 in forests of primeval character, and 1 in a managed stand) with the growing stock ranging from 226 m3ha-1 to 593 m3ha-1. These stands were characterized by a considerable differentiation of the tree d.b.h. and a complex storeyed structure, resembling a selection forest. Only two stands reached the growing stock close to the one accepted as the optimum for the beech selection forests. When carrying out a selection cutting in such forests one should take the lowering of the growing stock to about 220/250-300 m3ha-1 into consideration. It would be more correct, therefore, to carry out in managed beech forests a Swiss irregular shelterwood system, rather than a selection cutting system. The latter one may be used in the beech stands of differentiated structure in protection forests or in forests of a special purpose.

20

Budowa i struktura tatrzanskich gornoreglowych borow swierkowych o charakterze pierwotnym w dolinach Rybiego Potoku, Panszczycy i Gasienicowej

51%

Karczmarski J.

Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris

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1995

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tom 33

167-198

Praca zawiera charakterystykę wybranych tech górnoreglowych drzewostanów świerkowych o charakterze pierwotnym, znajdujących się w rezerwacie ścisłym Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego. Badania przeprowadzono na 5 klasycznych, stałych powierzchniach doświadczalnych, w latach 1990-91 Na podstawie liсzby drzew, zasobności drzewostanów, krzywych rozkładów pierśnic i wysokości, budowy warstwowej, struktury wieku, żywotności, miąższości posuszu stojącego i leżącego oraz liczebności odnowienia scharakteryzowano budowę i strukturę oraz stadia i fаzу rozwojowe tych drzewostanów.

Ograniczanie wyników

Health condition and structure of pine stands on permanent experimental plots in the Kwidzyn Forest Division

Changes in the structure of tree stands on bog habitats in the Bialowieza forest

Effect of tree layer and microsite on the variability of natural regeneration in autochthonous beech forests

Structural diversity closely associated with canopy species diversity and stand age in species-poor montane forests on Loess Plateau of China

Ecology and conservation status of Taxus baccata population in NE Chalkidiki, northern Greece

Influence of land relief and soil properties on stand structure of overgrown oak forests of coppice origin with Sorbus torminalis

Budowa i struktura drzewostanow o charakterze pierwotnym w rezerwacie Swiety Krzyz [Swietokrzyski Park Narodowy]

Struktura i dynamika dolnoreglowych drzewostanów o charakterze pierwotnym w Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym (na przykładzie trzech powierzchni doświadczalnych)

Stem volume and aboveground woody biomass in noble fir [Abies procera Rehder] stands in the Rogow Arboretum [Poland]

Structural diversity and production of alder stands on former agricultural land at high altitudes

The stand structure and natural regeneration of Abies alba Mill. in reserves on the northern margin of its distribution in SW Poland

Allometric models of foliage biomass in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Stand structure and natural regeneration of Taxus baccata at "Stiwollgraben" in Austria

Struktura drzewostanu bukowego w roznych warunkach siedliskowych w Beskidzie Malym [Karpaty Zachodnie]

Dynamika, budowa i struktura drzewostanow w rezerwacie Labowiec

Budowa i struktura drzewostanów w rezerwacie "Łabowiec"

Charakterystyka budowy i struktury oraz wybranych cech hodowlanych dolnoreglowego jodlowego drzewostanu przerebowego w Karpackim Parku Przyrodniczym na Ukrainie

Budowa i struktura lasu lipowego w rezerwacie Obrozyska

Bukowe lasy o charakterze pierwotnym jako model lasow przerebowych

Budowa i struktura tatrzanskich gornoreglowych borow swierkowych o charakterze pierwotnym w dolinach Rybiego Potoku, Panszczycy i Gasienicowej