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The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among patients with oral and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The correlation between HPV infection and OSCC, HPV genotypes, and correlation between HPV, OSCC, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, demographic data (gender, age, place of residence), anatomic location, pretreatment staging, metastases of lymph node evidence, and grading was investigated. In the examination group, there were 60 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 54 males and six females. Twenty-one patients were affected with oral, 24 - with oropharynx, and 15 - with oral and oropharynx SCC. The patients were not subjected to chemotherapy and radiotherapy before operation. The examination samples were collected from paraffin sections. This analysis involved DNA isolation from histological specimens, an amplification of a fragment of human ß-globin gene (reference gene), electrophoresis of amplification products of the gene, a quantitative DNA analysis (using spectrophotometry method), PCR, and genotyping. HPV DNA was detected in 25% of patients with SCC. Among HPV positive patients, 86.7% of the patients were infected with HPV type 16 and 13.3% were infected with another non identified HPV.
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Molecular and environmental aspects of skin cancers

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Skin cancers are one of the most common cancers in the Caucasian population. A constantly increasing number of nonmelanoma skin cancers and malignant melanomas is observed. The incidence of skin cancers is associated mainly with exposure to sunlight. Therefore, agricultural workers who work in open spaces are a particularly vulnerable group. Currently, studies on the pathogenesis of skin cancer focus on the molecular basis associated with ultraviolet radiation. This study is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on this issue. There have been demonstrated mutations in different classes of genes associated with carcinogenesis, including protooncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, genes that control apoptosis, genes encoding transcription factors and DNA repair genes in patients with skin cancers. Mutations in the latter result in reducing the effectiveness of DNA repair and fixation of mutations. All changes at the gene level lead to structural changes, quantitative and dysfunction of proteins encoded by these genes. All these factors contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. Due to increasing number of skin cancers, it seems important to increase knowledge of the molecular basis of skin cancers. This knowledge could be crucial for predicting the course of the disease, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
The development of cancer is associated with high oxidative stress and at the same time with immune system activation. Tumors develop efficient mechanisms of protection against the immune response, which allow them to escape the immune surveillance. Simultaneously, key events in the process of carcinogenesis are related to oxidative stress. The relationship between the two remains unknown. Novel understanding of oxidative stress shows that discrete changes of activities of certain enzyme systems such as NADPH oxidases or nitric oxide synthases may be more important than the overall balance of production and removal of reactive oxygen species. Such imbalance of nitric oxide and superoxide production could modify inflammation and immune regulation. We studied superoxide anion production (by lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence - 5 µM), NADPH oxidase activity and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) dysfunction. In parallel mRNA expression of immunomodulatory markers such as FoxP3 (T regulatory cell marker), CCR6 (mucosal homing effector T cell marker) and CD85j (NK cell/CD8 T cell Ig-like MHC class I inhibitory receptor) was determined. Basal superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity are increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor superoxide production was inhibited by NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and by NOS inhibitor L-NAME. This indicates, for the first time, that oral squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by dysregulated nitric oxide synthase, which apart from increased NADPH oxidase activity contributes to oxidative stress and may be related to the immuno-pathology of these tumors. Studied tumors were infiltrated by CCR6+, but showed lower expression of both CD85j and FoxP3 mRNA. Finally, the CD85j mRNA expression was inversely correlated to oxidative stress parameters. These preliminary studies indicate that tumor oxidative stress, related to NADPH oxidase activity and NOS activity could be related to immune responses to cancer, thus therapeutic modification of oxidative stress, which could include the correction of NOS dysfunction, could facilitate immune surveillance.
We evaluated the utility of Dukes' classification as a prognostic indicator in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus treated with a combined-modality therapy (CMT). Experimental procedures: We analyzed a series of 71 patients, who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CDDP+5FU) — 50 patients or chemoradiotherapy (CDDP+5FU+radiation dose of 30Gy) — 21 patients, with esophagectomy and two-field extended lymph node dissection. The pathological staging was determined in all the patients according to the TNM and Dukes' classifications. Results: The differences in cumulative survival rates between particular TNM stages were statistically insignificant and in Dukes' classification the difference between pA and pB patients reached statistical significance (p=0.02) but between pB and pC patients it was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: 1. Pathological staging after neoadjuvant treatment in esophageal cancer patients is also a significant prognostic indicator. 2. Dukes' staging classification adopted for esophageal cancer could be more significant prognostic factor than the TNM classification.
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