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The inheritance of resistance to loose smut (Ustilago nuda) in seven cultivars of spring barley has been examined. The performed studies showed that, resistance to two different groups of U. nuda races in respect of their virulence is determined by a single allele pair in the cvs. Anoidium and Inerme 2-r and by two allele pairs in the cvs. CI 13 662, Dorsett, Jet and OAC 21. In the cv. Abyssinian, resistance to a group of races 2 is determined by a single allele pair, whereas that to a group of races 4 - by two allele pairs. In all studied cultivars (except Anoidium) the resistance dominates over sensitivity. Resistance to the both studied groups of U. nuda races is determined by similar genes in the cvs. Dorsett and CI 13 662, as well as in Dorsett and OAC21, and additionally to a group of races 4 in the cvs. Abyssinian and OAC 21. No similarity was found between resistance genes in the case of two allele pairs in the cvs. Jet, Abyssinian and CI 13 662 (group of races 4) as well as in Jet, Dorsett and OAC 21 (in both groups of races), and in the case of a single allele pair in the cvs. Inerme-2-rowed and Abyssinian (group races 2).
The aim of the study was to analyze segetal weeds present in spring barley against the background of changes in pluviothermal conditions observed over the last 20 years (1993–2012) at the Field Experimental Station of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute in Winna Góra, Poland. Based on the mean value of the Sielianinov hydrothermal coefficient for the three months of spring vegetation, i.e., April, May, and June, three classes of pluvio-thermal conditions (very dry, moderately dry, humid) were distinguished. The phytosociological stability of weed species analyzed during the study period was assessed and the Shannon–Wiener index of species diversity in the communities and the Simpson dominance index were calculated for segetal weeds present in spring barley. In the 20-year period analyzed, Chenopodium album and Viola arvensis exhibited the highest phytosociological stability and the highest abundance in the spring barley crop. Over the years analyzed, the dry spring vegetation periods were characterized by significant precipitation deficiency between late April and mid-June. In the years with favorable meteorological conditions, the weed species diversity measured by the Shannon–Wiener diversity index was higher than in the years with precipitation deficiency. In the very dry years, the species dominance index in the spring vegetation period was higher than in the wet years. The yield loss caused by weed infestation in the very dry years was higher by 6% as compared to moderately dry and wet years.
In 2011 year research project on breeding spring barley genotypes tolerant to temporary drought stresses has started. The authors’ responsibility was to test the productivity of genotypes derived from different parental forms obtained in scope of the project for a drought tolerance in pot experiment. In the years 2011–2013 three consequtive series of experiments with approximately seventy genotypes each year have been carried on. Two reference Polish varieties were included into each set. At the control treatment, plants were grown at the optimal soil moisture level of 13–15% weight by weight for the whole vegetation period. Drought stresses were introduced at the tillering stage (BBCH 23) for the period of 11 days or at full fl ag leaf stage (BBCH 45-47) for the period of 14 days. At the both stress treatments, the moisture was maintained at the level of 5–6% weight by weight. Plants were harvested at full maturity stage and the grain and straw yields, and yield components i.e. number of productive tillers, number of grains per spike and weight of 1000 grains were determined. Spring barley showed a higher tolerance to the drought stress at tillering stage than at fl ag leaf stage. Barley genotypes differed in their response to temporary drought stresses due to diverse ability for regenerating after the stress removal. The tolerance of the genotypes to drought stress imposed at tillering stage resulted from their ability to produce additional fertile tillers. The tolerance of the studied spring barley genotypes to temporal drought stress at fl ag leaf stage can be explained by compensation of the reduced grain number per spike through increasing the weight of 1000 grains.
In 2001 and 2002 the small-plots field trial was established on a medium heavy soil in Žabčice with one variety of spring barley (Kompakt). Better yields of spring barley were observed after winter wheat than after maize. In the year 2001 highest yields at average were reached on fourth variant (Tables 2 and 3), but the content of proteins in grain in all variants exceeded 12.5 % as a consequence of unfavourable weather. In the year 2002 the best yield was reached on third variant and the content of proteins in grain was good at all variants. The content of nutrients and dry matter was influenced by the preceding crops (it was in relation to Nmin in soil and the mineralization rate of postharvest plant residues); faster increase of dry matter was observed after winter wheat, slower after maize.
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