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In promiscuous species in which females mate with more than one male during oestrus, males may increase their sperm expenditure or change their copulatory behaviour in response to the risk of sperm competition. I used an experimental approach to investigate the pattern of copulatory behaviour of the bank voleMyodes glareolus Schreber, 1780 depending on whether the female mated with one or two males. The work showed that the copulatory period of the bank vole lasted about 80 minutes and consisted of 4–5 ejaculatory series, with multiple intromissions preceding ejaculation. There were no significant changes in number of intromissions across the first four ejaculatory series, but I did find a relationship between number of intromissions and first ejaculation latency; also, ejaculation latencies grew shorter as the ejaculatory series proceeded. Litter size did not differ significantly between females that mated with one male and those mating with two, nor did the reproductive success of males that mated with the same female. Mating with an oestrus female appears to be advantageous for bank vole males even if they mate as the second one, and the risk of sperm competition did not trigger changes in male copulatory behaviour. The similar durations of the copulatory period and patterns of change of ejaculation latencies during copulations with one and two males point to the role of the female in temporal copulatory behaviour of the bank vole.
The subject of the study is the behaviour of Mallard’s Anas platyrhynchos and was carried out in the city of Szczecin (Poland) in 2009–2010. We compared frequency of fights, rapes, courtships, copulations and whistles on a water basins within both big and small flocks, and in different phenology periods. The study shows significant relationship between season, number of ducks on a pond and frequency of fights, as well as between whistles and fights, whistles and season and courtships and season. The results show that the most active period for ducks are the autumn and winter months (pairing period), while more aggressive behaviours can be observed when the population density is high.
The female genital structure of the genus Bantodemus Koch, 1955 is studied. The variability in the shape of sclerites in the bursa copulatrix is illustrated based on the species B. montanus. Two new species are described: B. durbaniensis sp. nov. and B. harmonius sp. nov. Separate keys for species determination are compiled for males and females. New localities data for B. caffer, B. furcatus, B. montanus, B. rudebecki, B. tristis are provided.
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