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Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in Poland. There are many varieties cultivated in orchards, but only a few of them play an important role in commercial production. These few varieties have been the object of numerous studies focused on practical aspects like growth performance, yielding, or resistance to diseases. Recently more belowground research has been carried out in pomological plants using the minirhizotron research allowing to observe roots in short and long term experiments. There have been very few studies concerning root growth dynamics of sour cherry cultivars. Here we studied the influence of four major factors on root growth: the cultivar, root diameter, soil depth, and season on the survivorship of fine roots. We used the minirhizotron technique (MR) to examine fine roots dynamics of four sour cherry cultivars grafted on the Mahaleb rootstock, grown in an experimental orchard in Central Poland. The results revealed that the greatest impact on root survivorship was exerted by root diameter, depth of root formation and the season, whereas cultivars had no obvious influence. The finest roots (with a diameter <0.2 mm) and roots formed at a depth of down to 10 cm below the soil surface had the shortest survivorship. On the other hand, thicker roots (>0.75mm) and roots formed at a depth of more than 50 cm below the soil surface have the longest survivorship. The season of root growth has little impact on root survivorship, but has a big influence on the number of the roots formed. There is no impact of the cultivar on the differences in observed roots survivorship.
The present study, carried out in the period 2007-2009 in the Sandomierz Upland, did not show a significant effect of foliar fertilization on trunk thickness and canopy volume in the cultivar Łutówka. However, under the influence of urea applied three times in combination with Florovit at a concentration of 0.5%, a clear increasing trend was observed in the above mentioned parameters used to assess the strength of growth. In years of abundant fruiting, this study showed a significant increase, or on the verge of significance, in yield after threefold application of urea and Florovit in combination. A small insignificant effect of fertilization on fruit weight shows that the growth in yield after the application of fertilization was produced as a consequential effect of a significant increase in the length of one-year shoots and thereby in flowering intensity of the ‘Łutówka’ cherry trees. In the case of the sour cherry cultivar Łutówka bearing fruit on one-year shoots, foliar feeding after flowering using multi-nutrient fertilizers and urea can be recommended as a technological treatment, in particular in years of abundant fruiting.
The experiment was conducted in 2006-2008 in the Didactic and Experimental Garden of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland. The research materials were sour cherry trees of the 'Kelleris 16', 'Ujfehertoi Furtos' and 'English Morello' cultivars, grafted on rootstock of Mahaleb seedling, Mazzard seedling and F12/1. The 'English Morello' cultivar grafted on the rootstock of Mahaleb seedling demonstrated the highest productivity. The same cultivar grafted on the rootstock of Mazzard seedling and Fl2/1, along with the 'Ujfehertoi Furtos' cultivar on Mahaleb seedling and Mazzard seedling, had the lowest productivity. The largest sour cherry fruits were recorded for the 'Ujfehertoi Furtos' cultivar. From all the cultivars exam­ined, Mazzard seedling rootstock resulted in the largest fruit weight. A fruit quality evaluation based on their chemical composition revealed the highest content of ascor­bic acid in fruits of the 'English Morello' grafted on F12/1, and the lowest value was recorded for the 'Ujfehertoi Furtos' on Mahaleb seedling. The highest sugar content was found in fruits of the 'Ujfehertoi Furtos'. Mahaleb seedling in all cultivars under examination had a favourable effect on sugar accumulation in fruits. Fruits of the 'Ujfehertoi Furtos' cultivar grafted on the Mahaleb seedling contained the highest amount of organic acids, while 'Kelleris 16' on the same rootstock and 'English Mo­rello' on F12/1 had the lowest.
The strength of growth of ‘Łutówka’ trees was related to the soil quality and the rootstock. Measurements of the tree trunks and the crown size showed that on fertile soil the trees grafted on Mahaleb cherry grew worse, forming by 12% thinner trunks and by over 20% (signifi cantly) smaller crowns as compared to Mazzard cherry trees. On poor sandy-loamy soil the crowns of trees grafted on Mahaleb were signifi cantly, more than 40% bigger than those on Mazzard cherry. No signifi cant differences in the yielding and productivity of trees grafted on Mahaleb and Mazzard cherry trees were found on grey brown podzolic soil. The experiment conducted on sandy-loamy soil pointed to signifi cant differences in the yielding and productivity between ‘Łutówka’ trees grafted on the studied rootstocks. The trees grafted on Mahaleb cherry in both studied years were characterized by signifi cantly greater productivity than on the other rootstocks. Signifi cantly higher yields were gathered from the trees on Mahaleb cherry than on vegetative rootstocks, and by 70% higher than on Mazzard cherry. P-HL A rootstock is of little use in the planting of ‘Łutówka’, which grown poorly on light soils. Besides poor growth and yielding, in longer dry periods the studies found the appearance of chlorosis of magnesium on older leaves, and even wilting of the leaves.
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