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Cloning of genetically-modified mammals to produce: 1) novel animal bioreactors expressing human genes in rens, urinary bladder and the male accessory sex glands, as well as 2) porcine organs suitable in pig-to-human xenotransplantology, could offer new advantages for biomedical purposes. So too does the generation and/or multiplication of genetically-engineered cloned animals in order to produce: 3) physiologically-relevant animal models of serious monogenic human diseases and 4) prion disease-resistant small as well as large animals (i.e., rodents, ruminants). The basic purpose of this paper is to overview current knowledge deciphering the possibilities of using transgenic specimens created by somatic cell nuclear transfer in medical pharmacology, veterinary medicine, agriculture, transplantational medicine and immunology.
Thirty-seven cows affected with clinical mastitis (51 quarters) were injected iv with a single 0.02 mg/kg dose of Lydium-KLP. Fifteen cows were injected with both Lydium-KLP at the same dose given twice at a 24-hour interval and intramammary infusion of the agent (0.2 mg per quarter). It was found that the efficacy of the agent depended on the number of somatic cells in the mastitic milk and on their phagocytic activity at the beginning of the experiment.
The aim of the study was to analyse the dependence between P35Q and K468R polymorphism in the butyrophilin gene (BTN1A1) and somatic in milk in cattle. The experiment was conducted on a population of 214 jersey cows. Genotypes of the animals were determined using PCR-RFLP. The following allele sequences were found: P35Q – 085 (A) and 0.15 (C); K468R – 0.66 (A) and 0.34 (G). The association analysis was performed for the whole investigated population and with the division into age groups (primiparous and multiparous cows), and taking into consideration the stage lactation (the first, the second and the third 100 days). In case of mutation K468R, milk homozygous AA animals was characterised by the higher somatic cell count. Differences with the highest significance (p≤0.01) were found between genotypes AA and AG in the group of multiparous cows, especially in the initial perid of lactation. In the population of primiparious cows the effect of polymorphism K468R was much lower. A significant difference (p≤0.05 was observed only between homozygotes AA and GG in the first stage of lactation. An analysis performed for polymorphism P35Q did not show significant association with somatic cell counts in milk of cows.
This study evaluated the effect of the linearly described shape traits of goat udders on somatic cell count. In a herd of 487 white shorthaired goats, seven traits (udder symmetry, udder depth, udder width, teat length, teat placement, rear udder attachment and udder cleft) were assessed in relation to somatic cell count in milk. The average somatic cell count was 1.3 mill cells/ml when considering the environmental effects (month and year of performance testing, lactation number. The somatic cell count is influenced by the depth (p = 0.0015) and width (p = 0.0268) of the udder. The results demonstrate that some traits of the udder shape influence the somatic cell count and can be considered as functional traits indicating animal health and herd profitability. After further studies, the methodology for linear description of the udder could be used for other dairy goat breeds, not only in the Czech Republic.
During the past decade the need for Artificial Reproductive Techniques in felids has greatly increased. Mostly, this is a result of growing expectations that these techniques may be applied in conservation biology and thereby contribute to saving wild felids from extinction. In this article we describe three most common methods of obtaining embryos in vitro in the domestic cat and its wild relatives: classic in vitro fertilisation, in vitro fertilisation by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Each of the methods provides a cleavage rate of around 50% and approx. 20% of embryos develop to the blastocyst stage. After the transfer of embryos produced by these methods, scientists obtained living offspring of the domestic cat, as well as several wild cats: the tiger, serval, fishing cat, caracal, ocelot, wild cat, sand cat, black-footed cat and the oncilla. These successes, in spite of the low efficiency of the discussed methods, are promising and suggest that biotechniques of reproduction will be valuable tools in the protection of wild species. Somatic cell nuclear transfer will allow to sustain the narrow gene pool in the critically endangered felids. For these reasons it is necessary to conduct further research on the optimization of artificial reproduction techniques in cats.
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