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Cytokine receptors exist in membrane bound and soluble form. Both forms bind their ligands with comparable affinity. While most soluble receptors are antagonists in that they compete for the ligands with their membrane counterparts, some soluble receptors are agonists. In this case, the complex of ligand and soluble receptor binds on target cells to a second receptor subunit and initiates signal transduction. Soluble receptors of the IL-6 family of cytokines are agonists. In vivo, the IL-6/soluble IL-6R complex stimulates several types of target cells not stimulated by IL-6 alone, since they do not express the membrane bound IL-6R. This process has been named transsignaling. We have shown that in several chronic inflammatory diseases like chronic inflammatory bowl disease, peritonitis and rheumatoid arthritis, transsignaling via the soluble IL-6R complexed to IL-6 is a crucial point in the transi­tion from the acute to the chronic state of the disease. The mechanism by which the IL-6/ soluble IL-6R complex regulates the inflammatory state is discussed.
Introduction. The biological activity of VEGF depends on the presence of its specific receptors on the endothelial surface: VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and on their soluble forms sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2. The binding of the membrane-bound receptors with VEGF affects the permeability, proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. This creates the necessary conditions for the vascularisation of solid tumours and for the spread of remote metastases. The sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 receptors are believed to be natural inhibitors of VEGF. Objective. To determine the clinical usefulness of VEGF and the sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 receptors level assay in women with primary breast cancer. The assessment also took into account: patient’s age, stage of the disease, histological grade, status of the axillary lymph nodes and size of the primary tumour. Material and methods. The concentrations of VEGF, sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 were ascertained in 103 women with primary breast cancer. The concentrations of VEGF in the plasma, and those of the soluble receptors sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 in the serum, were assessed by ELISA, R&D Systems. Results. The study found significantly raised concentrations of VEGF, sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 in the serum of women with breast cancer, relative to the values obtained from the control group. It was found that with increasing clinical stages of the disease, the levels of VEGF and concentrations of sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 also increased. Similar findings were noted when assessing the degree of the histological grade of the tumours. Significantly higher values of VEGF protein and the assessed receptors were obtained from women with metastases to the axillary lymph nodes. A positive relationship, though without statistical significance, was noted between the concentration of sVEGFR-2 and the size of the tumour. Conclusions. The high concentrations of the VEGF cytokine and the sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 receptors in women with breast cancer are responsible for giving rise to the processes of tumour angiogenesis. The concentrations of the VEGF protein and the soluble forms of the receptors sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 in the serum of breast cancer patients showed positive correlations with the clinical stage of the disease. These results point to the usefulness of VEGF assessment and its soluble receptors in the clinical evaluation of patients with breast cancer.
Plasma pancreatic-type Poly-C specific ribonuclease (P-RNase) - enzyme activity increases in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) who develop pancreatic necrosis and severe disease course. It is considered as a marker of pancreatic tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to estimate interrelations between major inflammatory cytokines such as: interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors: sTNFR55 and sTNFR75 output, and plasma P-RNase activity. The study was carried out in a group of 56 patients with AP, where 20 developed pancreatic necrosis. It was found that serum P-RNase concentration and levels of all studied inflammatory cytokines significantly increase already in the first day from diagnose of the disease (2,5 folds for P-RNase, 20 for IL-8, about 200 for IL-6 and 1,5 for receptors, respectively). In the first day from admission to hospital, P-RNase activity significantly correlated with plasma concentration of studied inflammatory cytokines. The most pronounced correlation was found for P-RNase and IL-6 in days 1-4 from diagnose, manifested by Pearson correlation r coefficients amounting to 0,86; 0,79; 0,60 and 0,57 respectively (p<0,001). Dividing the studied AP patients into two groups, varying in severity of disease a significant differences in P-RNase and IL-6, IL-8 and sTNFR55/sTNFR75 were found. In patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis P-RNase significantly correlate with levels of major inflammatory cytokines. Carried out studies suggest that activity of P-RNase reflects severity of inflammatory reaction, which is dependent on development of pancreatic injury and tissue necrosis in AP.
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