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The objective of this study was to determine the net shortwave solar radiation (K*) on a plateau and the bottom of a canyon in the southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. Its significant diurnal and annual variability was expressed as hourly, daily, monthly, seasonal and annual totals of K*. The great diversity of the terrain, varied forms, expositions and slopes, considerable denivelations, and also the diversity of the land cover and land use make this small area very diversified as far as radiation conditions are concerned. On the basis of the actinometrical study, the differences of radiation were assessed on two distinct morphological terrain forms: on the plateau and on the bottom of the canyon. The mean daily value of the total of K* amounted to 10.8 MJ·mˉ² on the plateau, and to 9.1 MJ·mˉ² on the bottom of the canyon in the analysed period.
Diffused solar radiation increases ecosystem productivity. One of the explanations for this phenomenon is the fact that this type of radiation penetrates the vegetation layer more efficiently, thus changing radiation conditions under the plant canopy. The study of reed transparency under different radiation diffusion conditions makes it possible to estimate the amount of radiation energy that reaches plants living under the reed canopy. The presented radiation parameters were obtained using the SS1 probe (Delta-T Devices Ltd. UK.). The measurements were carried out in September 2014 in a reed canopy in the Rzecin peatland (52°45′N, 16°18′E, 54 m a.s.l.). Analyses showed that the transparency of the reed canopy (Tr) is directly proportional to the degree of diffusion (D*) of the radiation which reaches the plant surface and the reed Tr value is always greater at cloudy conditions than during periods of low radiation diffusion. At the same time, Tr is inversely proportional to the leaf area index (LAI). Under high diffusion of radiation the plants growing under the reed canopy gain approximately 38% radiation energy in comparison with periods characterised by low values of D*.
Introduction. In the human skin exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, melanogenesis occurs in two stages, accompanied by urinary excretion of Thormalen-positive melanogen (TPM). In Poland, no data are available on the course and intensity of melanogonesis in relation to UV exposure in an industrial region. Material and methods. The Thormalen test was used for the collected samples (N=136) as modified by Matous and Suchoń. Results. Maximum environmental TPM content (0.67 μg/dm3) was observed in August. Conclusion. The time of UV exposure and local type of solar radiation promote melanogenesis.
Methods based on the principle of hemispherical canopy projection, including hemispherical photography (digital andfilm), sensors like LAI 2000 (zenith cutoff anle 74,1°) andstable horizontoscope, represent less accurate, yet significantly less expensive andtime-consuming techniques for radiation measurements comparedto long-term measurement with a network of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors. With measurements taken at a single point in time they can provide reliable estimates of relative diffuse andd irect solar radiation andcan also be usedto estimate the light climate in different times of the year. The four above mentioned methods for solar radiation estimation were applied at the same points in gaps and under adjacent canopies in unevenaged, mixed Dinaric fir-beech and pure beech montane forests. Locations covereda range of radiation andstandstructure conditions. Data analyses showedgoodreliability of all four methods over the whole range (2–80%) of radiation conditions. The most comparable results come from LAI 2000 andfilm hemispherical photography (all R > 0.90). Digital hemispherical photography is an accurate andreliable (R = 0.89) replacement for film hemispherical photography, but the higher values estimatedfor direct radiation should be taken into account. Compared to the other three methods, the stable horizontoscope gives less accurate results, especially under canopies with poorly defined gaps. Our study showed that all four methods tested are suitable for estimating the solar radiation climate in gaps and stands with heterogeneous vertical structures, andhave potential value as a tool in decision making when practicing silviculture.
Results of long-term operating tests on a prototype tube-within-tube recuperator designed for recovery of heat from broiler house exhaust air are presented. The construction and operation of the recuperator accounts for specific conditions of the poultry house, such as very high dustiness and humidity of air. Two-year tests of the recuperator in real operating conditions of a typical broiler house for 16,000-18,000 chickens showed that its energy efficiency is 30-37% and it can be used over the entire production cycle of 42-45 days without the need to remove the dust deposited on the exhaust channel walls. The results of microbiological tests give no indication that the recuperator might pose a threat to biosafety of the broiler house after the 2-year operation. The results of comparative studies on basic parameters of microclimate and production efficiency in the experimental and control part of the broiler house showed that the recuperator's operation was beneficial for the energy management and production results.
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