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The transfer of radionuclide l37Cs from uncultivated different soils (natural pastures) to grass in northeastern Poland was evaluated. Samples of soil and grass were collected from the same area of about 1 m2 in the period from June 1994 to July 1995 twice a year. Grass was sampled from 1 m x 1 m squares by cutting to the plant base. The 137 Cs and 40K activity concentrations were determined by gamma spectrometry. The average concentration of 137Cs (to 10 cm depth) in the studied soils ranged from 17.94 Bq/kg to 37.78 Bq/kg dry weight. The average concentration of radiocesium in grass varied from 1.03 Bq/kg to 12.33 Bq/kg dry weight and depended upon the type of soil.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the basic soil parameters which takes part in many biological, chemical and physical soil processes and the SOC is currently considered as a key indicator of soil quality. For this reason determination of the SOC is a part of soil complex monitoring which has been performed in Slovakia since 1993. From 1993 until 2007 the “wet” method of determination of the SOC was used. Since 2008 the “dry” method for determination of the SOC has been applied. The goal of this work has been to evaluate and compare two methods of the SOC determination; the “wet”(Ťiurin method in modification of Nikitin (TN)) and the “dry” determination of the SOC by means of the CN analyser (EA), which was performed on 95 soil samples of topsoil coming from 17 sampling sites with a wide range of the SOC (1–15%). Sampling sites include arable lands and grasslands and represent main soil types and subtypes of Slovakia. On the basis of statistical processing it has been found that in soils with the SOC content up to 3%, differences between two methods are minimal. However, in the case of a higher content of the SOC, the EA method reaches a higher value than the TN method. Obtained data shows that in the case of soil samples with a higher content of the SOC, when changing an analytical method, the PTF function that reduces differences and allows to use all time series monitoring data should be used for the purpose of the tracking trends of the SOC monitoring.
One of the aims of modern laboratory studies is searching for dynamic parameters in a small strain of a soil. The reason behind this trend is the higher level of density of urban areas. City traffic, including trams, cars and subway trains, as well as certain types of construction works, can generate seismic waves, which cause a small strain between the soil and the structure to occur. This may lead to an exceeded limit serviceability state. The three main dynamic parameters of the soil are: Young modulus, shear modulus and damping ratio. Estimation of the cohesive soils damping ratio by two methods, namely free-vibration decay and half-power bandwidth, is the main goal of this article. The author performed his own research on two silty clay specimens in a resonant column. The conducted research show that the damping ratio obtained by using the half-power bandwidth method has significant error margin, which is equal approximately 50-60%, yet the curve shapes are very similar to the ones obtained by using the second method discussed in this paper. In author's opinion, more research on cohesive soils has to be performed in order to introduce necessary corrections to half-power bandwidth equations.
The aims of this study were: 1) to map the different soil parameters using three geostatistical approaches, including; ordinary kriging (OK), cokriging (CK), and regression kriging (RK), 2) to compare the accuracy of maps created by the mentioned methods, and 3) to evaluate the efficiency of using ancillary data such as satellite images, elevation, precipitation, and slope to improve the accuracy of estimations. In the rangelands of the Poushtkouh area of central Iran, 112 soil samples were collected. The maps of different soil parameters were created using the mentioned methods. To assess the accuracy of these maps, cross-validation analyses were conducted. The cross-validation results were assessed by the root mean square error (RMSE) and normal QQ-plot together with sum and average error to suggest the best estimation approach for mapping each soil parameter. The results have shown that, in most cases, taking the ancillary data into account in estimations has increased the accuracy of the created maps. Except for clay, the OK method was suggested as the best estimation method, and the RK and CK were the best recommended estimation methods for the rest of the parameters. The results suggest the application of the framework of this study for similar areas.
The object of this study was to determine change of natural buffer capacity of humic acids by strong buffering agents, which were phosphate ions. Studies were carried out on the humic acids extracted from peat soils. Additional information was obtained by determination of water holding capacity, density, ash and pH for peats and optical parameterQ4/6 for humic acids. Humic acid suspensions exhibited the highest buffer properties at low pH and reached maximum at pH ~ 4. Phosphates possessed buffer properties in the pH range from 4.5 to 8.0. The maximum of buffering was at pH~6.8 and increased proportionally with an increase in the concentration of phosphate ions. The study indicated that the presence of phosphate ions may strongly change natural buffer capacity of humic acids by shifting buffering maximum toward higher pH values. Significant correlations were found for the degree of the secondary transformation with both the buffer capacity and the titrant volume used during titration.
This study assessed the quality of palm oil and soil from Ihube community, Okigwe L.G.A of Imo state in October 2015. The soil samples were collected from the top soil and the palm oil were collected immediately after extraction. Palm oil and soil were analyzed using standard analytical methods and the results obtained were compared to standards. The physicochemical analysis of the soil samples showed that ranges of EC (323.33±0.57-480.33±1.53 us/cm); Moisture Content (MC) ranged from 20.9±0.80 to 40.8±0.10); %SOM (1.92±0.61-4.85±0.01) which were within the acceptable limits while CEC, iron content and lead were not significant. Palm oil samples had MC (0.32±0.09%) which was above the acceptable limit. The oil was acidic and free fatty acid (FFA) result for 10days showed even much acidic ranges from (2.15±0.01 to 6.07±0.05 mgNaOH/g) with Fe, (2.00±0.01 to 5.43±0.51 mgNaOH/g) with Pb and (1.27±0.03 to 5.04±0.03 mgNaOH/g) without contamination. This was tested using anova at p < 0.05 respectively and there was a significant difference between the results. However, the result obtained from these areas shows good quality soil for palm tree cultivation.
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The undrained shear strength (cu) is considered one of the most basic parameter characterizing soils in engineering practice. The particular importance of cu is in the case of clayey soil. This parameter also is the basis for the classifi cation of soil according to the ISO standard. The undrained shear strength usually is determined from unconfi ned compression test or from triaxial compression test. In the simple way it can be estimated from the fall cone penetrometer test as index parameter. In the presented work the results of unconfi ned compression tests for very stiff, heavily consolidated clay were shown. All analysed clay specimens were taken from the large depth, up to 303 m below terrain level. The tests results: undrained shear strength (cu) and unconfi ned compression strength (qu) were discussed in the relation on in situ consolidation stress, Atterberg’s limits and the indicatory test – fall cone test results.
The paper presents the results of an investigation which took place over the years 2008-2012 in the Shatsk National Natural Park. For the investigation four genetically different soils in that area were selected. Those were a soddy-podzolic soil (S01) under grass vegetation, lowland peat bog (S02), anthropogenic lowland peat bog (S03) with mineralised upper layer and a soddygley loamy soil (S04). The TDR device developed and created in the Institute of Agrophysics PAS in Lublin, and probes for measurement soil moisture, temperature and salinity were used in the study. The eight probes of the TDR-measuring system were installed at different depths, from 10 to 80 cm, at 10 cm intervals, for soils S02, S03 and S04, and at the depths of 10 сm and 50 cm for soil S01. The dynamics of soil temperature and soil moisture at different depths and the speed of response to changes in subsequent uncured layers are presented. Hourly TDR data have been diurnalaveraged and used for the calculation of correlation coefficients between soil temperature at different depths, air temperature, precipitation, solar activity parameter, Wolf number and total solar radiation. The study included also the effect of changes in solar radiation in the soil with the seasons.
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