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The occurrence of bacteria living in the surface water of various lakes, rivers and in soil and their capability to degrade various motor-oils was studied. The development dynamics of microorganisms degrading crude oil derivatives in various seasons of the year and their generic composition was determined. It has been found that the highest numbers of motor-oil degrading bacteria occurred in environments polluted with those substances (soil in the area of a petrol station and from the road-side). The largest number of bacteria capable of utilizing motor-oil was found in autumn, the smallest in winter. Among the motor-oils studied (diesel oil, Selectol Special, Lotos Semisyntetic, Selenia Synthetic), the most easily assimilable by microorganisms was diesel oil, and the least - Lotos Semisyntetic.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, is characterized by the unique feature of interkingdom DNA transfer. This soil bacterium is able to transfer a fragment of its DNA, called T-DNA (transferred DNA), to the plant cell where T-DNA is integrated into the plant genome leading to "genetic colonization" of the host. The fate of T-DNA, its processing, transfer and integration, resembles the journey of Odysseus, although our hero returns from its long trip in a slightly modified form.
The ability of six strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat to produce pyoverdin was examined. The studied strains demonstrated a varied level of production of the siderophore, depending on the culture conditions. The highest level of pyoverdin was determined after 72 hours of growth at 20-25°C in iron-free medium supplemented with succinate. The synthesis of pyoverdin by all the strains studied was strongly repressed by the addition of iron ions (III) to the growth medium. Calcium, cadmium and magnesium ions stimulated the synthesis of the siderophore examined, whereas zinc and lead ions partially decreased its level. Enrichment of the growth medium in cobalt ions completely inhibited the synthesis of siderophores as well as growth of the bacteria.
In soil incubation experiments, some fungicides were found to be toxic to the nearly total fungal community, whereas others did not diminish its size. The reduction of fungi occurence always resulted in proliferation of copiotrophic typical bacteria with selection of fluorescent Pseudomonas. On the other hand, actinomycetes never responded positively to fungicides. Those effects were accompanied by a reduction of soil bacteria community as a whole. The increase instead of that reduction occured in the case when no reaction of fungi (and therefore copiotrophic bacteria) was noted. The reasons of such differentiated response of microorganisms are also discussed in this paper.
Research on soil microorganisms associated with plant roots (endophytes) and their outside habitats (rhizosphere, soil) under exposure to high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment may contribute to an increased knowledge about the effects of unfavorable pollutants in the natural ecosystem and improve the efficiency of remediation processes of degraded soils. The main goal of our study was to evaluate properties of microbial populations inhabiting different but spatially closed habitats: interior of the tree roots – endophytes (Betula pendula L. and Alnus glutinosa L.), rhizosphere and soil not influenced by plant roots at two heavy metal polluted areas in southern Poland where the content of cadmium, lead and zinc ranged 9.2–14.9, 26.2–75.1 and 1080–1559 mg∙kg–1 of dried soil, respectively. In our experiment, we analyzed their density as well as determined the total metabolic activity and ability for utilization of different carbon sources. The density of endophytes (5.76–7.16 log10 c.f.u. × g dw–1) was higher than the density of bacteria inhabiting outside habitats – the rhizosphere and soil (5.43–5.91 and 5.08–5.57 log10 c.f.u. × g dw–1, respectively) and was not affected by heavy metal content. However, the total metabolic activity of endophytic populations was strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil and was significantly lower at more contaminated site. In general, the metabolic activity of endophytes was ~15 times lower than the activity of rhizobacteria and at the same level or lower than the activity of soil microorganisms. Discriminant analysis revealed a higher utilization of α-Cyclodextrin and D-Xylose by microorganisms isolated from more polluted test site. The use of an artificial neural network (ANN) followed by principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the distinguishing of preferences in the utilization of carbon sources by microorganisms due to tree species but not the zone of isolation – endophytes, rhizosphere, soil. Our study revealed no significant impact of the metal concentrations present in the soil on the density of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) inhabiting three analyzed zones (interior of the roots, rhziosphere, soil); however, their total metabolic activity was decreased in more contaminated site. Since the density of endophytes was higher compared to the number of bacteria present in the outside habitats (rhizosphere and soil), and their total metabolic activity was in general lower, we suggest a high specialization of microorganisms associated with the cellular spaces of plant roots compared to other microbial populations.
Two soils were kept moist at 4°C, -20°C or air-dried at 20-22°C and after one week, one month, two months and six months of storage at these conditions changes in soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii (Rlt) and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. \iciae (Rlv) were examined. In one air-dried soil (from Grabów) markedly lower numbers of both Rlt and Rlv., as compared to the refrigerated or frozen samples, were found already after 1 week of storage. In the case of the second soil (from Osiny) air-drying significantly reduced numbers of the rhizobia after 2 and 6 months of storage. The soil from Osiny contained higher amounts of C org, total N and clay than the Grabów soil. Both soils stored moist in a refrigerator (4°C) or frozen (-20°C) retained similar populations of the examined rhizobia throughout the entire storage period, indicating that soil freezing is not detrimental for the examined rhizobia.
Jeszcze 50 lat temu przed wprowadzeniem do masowej produkcji nowego materiału wybuchowego w ogóle nie brano pod uwagę jego potencjalnego oddziaływania na środowisko. Wzrost świadomości ekologicznej doprowadził do tego, że obecnie dysponujemy już danymi dotyczącymi toksyczności wobec organizmów żywych najszerzej stosowanych materiałów wybuchowych. W badaniach nad związkami wysokoenergetycznymi szczególnie dużo uwagi poświęca się solom azotetrazolu, ze względu na zawartość azotu w cząsteczce przekraczającą 80% masowych oraz wysoką stabilność termiczną. W prezentowanej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wpływu azotetrazolanu amonu, azotetrazolanu di(guanidyny) oraz azotetrazolanu di(triaminoguanidyny) na wzrost bakterii Bacillus halodurans. W analizie parametrów biokinetycznych wzrostu bakteryjnego zastosowano model logistyczny, dzięki któremu wystarczająco precyzyjnie można opisać wzrost mikroorganizmów w układzie zamkniętym, jakim jest hodowla stacjonarna. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazały na znaczne oddziaływanie azotetrazolanu di(triaminoguanidyny) oraz mniejsze azotetrazolanu di(guanidyny), na kinetykę wzrostu badanych bakterii. W toku badań stwierdzono jednak, że najprawdopodobniej zasadniczy wpływ na wzrost badanej bakterii w grupie testowanych związków ma raczej charakter chemiczny kationu związku, z którym azotetrazol tworzy sole niż sama obecność anionu azotetrazolanowego.
The objective of this study was to compare chemical and microbial properties of sandy mine soils under young Scots pine, silver birch, and mixed pine-birch forest stands. The measured properties included the contents of organic C (Corg) and total N (Nt), the Corg-to-Nt ratio, pH, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphomonoesterase, and urease. Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) of soil bacteria were determined with BiologR test and genetic profiles with the DGGE method. Scots pine and silver birch did not affect the Corg and Nt contents in the studied mine soils. The soil under birch contained larger and more active microbial biomass than the soil under pine. Under the mixed stand, most of the microbial properties were intermediate between the pine and the birch stand. The DGGE profiling indicated different composition of soil bacteria under the birch stand compared to the other stands. Differences in CLPPs were less pronounced, probably due to functional redundancy of soil bacteria.
The aim of the research was to determine the changes in number of microorganisms in soil under ecological and conventional cultivation of winter wheal. The number of bacteria was presented as a number of colony forming unit (CFU) acc. to Parkinson and after using all the observations according to FOR model. The number of colony forming units was presented in relation to: 1 g of fresh soil, 1 g of dry soil, 1 cm3 soil, 1 cm3 of soil dilution and 1 cm3 of soil porosity. The obtained results depended not only on the method of dealing with the samples and the way of measuring. They depended also on the used method of presenting the results. The used of FOR model allowed for evaluating the adequacy of the media for the needs of the observed microorganisms.
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