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The northeastern region of India, with an area of 255 090 km2, is predominantly hilly. Major socio-economic factors affecting sediment production in the region are; shifting cultivation, land tenure system, fast growing population, small land-holdings, deforestation and free range grazing. A multi-disciplinary long- -term study showed that 92.9 to 99.1% of rainwater can be retained in-situ, compared to 66.3% in shifting cultivation. Mean annual soil loss varied from 11.2 to 97.2 t km–2 in new land use systems as against 3621.3 t km–2 in shifting cultivation. The sediment load per litre of runoff from watersheds varied from 1250–20,300 mg suspended sediment, 5.4 to 23.6 mg NO3 – N, 2.3 to 6.5 mg P–PO4, 17.2 to 35.8 mg K2O, 0.4 to 1.8 mg Zn, 0.9 to 2.7 mg Mn, 6.5 to 12.0 mg Mg, 7.1 to 18.4 mg Fe and 4.0 to 7.2 mg SO4. The sediment transport from the catchments showed spatial and temporal variations.
This study investigated those factors which influenced the adoption of Moringa olefera as water purifier by the farmers in Kaduna state. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire from 30 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit regression model. The results showed that the respondents had one form of education or the other. About 90 percent were married average household size of 10 persons per household. About 73 percent adopted Moringa oleifera water purification. Socio-economic factors influencing adoption of Moringa oleifera water purification were age, education, extension contact and membership of cooperative. The study therefore recommends that farmers should form themselves into association because such association will aid in collective soliciting for government assistance, NGOs and other funding agencies. Also, more awareness should be created by the extension agents on the importance of Moringa oleifera seed powder in rural development.
The high infant mortality rate in Poland is influenced primarily by an excessive number of low-weight births, which are most often associated with prematurity. Among important causes of premature, we have to name economic situation, women' health condition during progenitive period and also their vices. Patients and methods. 100 questionnaires, obtained from the parents preterm children during hospitalization in the Deparment of Paediatric Propedeutics by the years 1995-1998, were analysed. The following data were collected: number and course of gestation (and also vices) and delivery, data about sibilings, data about parents (age, place of birth, origin, place of residence, level of education, profession) and apartment's conditions. Results. We obtained results: the great percentage of mothers presented pathology of gestation period: young mothers - 18%, teenage mothers 5.5%, with body weight deficit (Body Mass Index <19) - 26%, smoking cigarettes - 25%. The majority number of families had bad apartments' condition. Conclusions. The high rate of mothers of preterm babies presented pathology of pregnancies.
In Spain, the highest density of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) is found in the northern mountains, whereas towards the south, populations are fragmented into isolated nucleii. In order to analyse the distribution patterns of this species in Spain and its variation during the last five years, a multivariate analysis of the influences of several socioeconomic, physiognomic and climatic factors was performed. This species prefers to inhabit damper and colder areas. Its distribution also reflects changes in human population; roe deer are associated with areas of zero growth or an actual decline in population density. An active management is essential to the conservation of the southern populations due to their geographic isolation and the low populational density of each nucleus.
Average consumption and individual intakes of carbohydrate sources and carbohydrates was examined. Declining importance of total carbohydrates as an energy source over a long-term post-war period was documented together with the shifts towards saccharose at the expense of starch. This shift stopped in the last few years due to a reduction in consumer demand for more expensive food groups substituted for basic staples. The impact of the socioeconomic factors on the level and composition of carbohydrate consumption was presented. Regional differences with respect to importance of carbohydrates in the diets were shown also. The effect of the sex and age on individual carbohydrate intake was analysed as well.
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