The aim of the present work was to assess the functioning of the integrated treatment process of surface water in the Water Treatment Plant (ZUW) in Jarosław between 2008–2015. The application of factor analysis made it possible to reduce the number of random variables down to the set described by four principal components, including two variables related to the bacteriological quality of water. It was observed that the removal of the component bacteria in 2011–2015 (after the modernization of the Water Treatment Plant), during the filtration and disinfection process, was 100% effective. Microfiltration membranes with a nominal pore size of 0.1 μm proved effective in removing both protozoa and pathogenic bacteria from the captured water. The use of the microfiltration technique in the coagulation-integrated system has increased the effectiveness of the conventional disinfection of surface water
The study was undertaken in the region of the Białowieża Primeval Forest (Białowieża, Browsk, and Hajnówka Forest Districts – FDs), which has a total area of 52 thousand hectares and is situated in the agricultural zone of north-eastern Poland. The study used an input-output (I-O) analysis to explore: 1) the type and strength of relationships between forest management and its socio-economic environment, and 2) the role and significance of forestry in the development of the region. The forest sector (FDs) employed 452 people, with salaries totalling USD 1.6 million/yr. FDs supplied the socio-economic environment with the generated cash flows (taxes and dues) amounting to USD 4.8 million/yr, enabling creation of 413 jobs outside forestry. FDs supplied goods and services for the amount of USD 5.2 million/yr, mainly revenues from the sale of 120,000 m3 of harvested wood. The wood-processing industry employed 1,111 people, and was also a source of taxes and dues amounting to USD 1.7 million/yr. Fifteen jobs were created per 1,000 m3 of harvested, sold, and processed wood: 2 in FDs, 4 in the firms providing goods and services, and 9 in the recipients of goods and services. Simultaneously, this was a source of taxes amounting to USD 26.0/yr, of which USD 11.0 thousand/yr was paid by FDs, USD 1.4 thousand/yr by the environment of suppliers, and USD 13.6 thousand/yr by the environment of recipients.
The aim of the study was to present the possibility of applying the AHP-LP method to assess the significance of strategic factors (strategic goals and tasks) influencing the socioeconomic development of the commune. The Commune of Chrzypsko Wielkie in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship was used to illustrate the suggested approach. The study was based on the data from questionnaire surveys conducted among the councillors of the Commune of Chrzypsko Wielkie in 2012. The empirical studies proved the usefulness of the AHP-LP for assessment of the significance of strategic factors. The method enabled quantification of the significance of individual strategic factors. The most important aims in the Commune of Chrzypsko Wielkie include improvement of technical infrastructure, followed by development of the economy. The reduction of unemployment and modernisation of agriculture were the most important tasks. The suggested approach may be used in the process of making development strategies of administrative units.
The metamorphosis from land cover to land use for urban, industrial, and other socio-economic developments in Kuwait has remarkably evolved the “coastal morphological landscape (CML)” such that the impact has decreased carrying capacity. Information on carrying capacity is vital for decision makers to take immediate steps in preserving the coast. Mitigation and control measures are essentially required to lower human interference and to increase carrying capacity. It is noted that among 12 existing anthropogenic activities commanding the impact on carrying capacity of CML, only 3 were positive, significant, irreversible, direct and indirect, and long term; whereas others were negative, significant, irreversible, direct and indirect, and long term. It was found that all 12 categories of ongoing and future projects would have negative impacts ranging from high (severe) to very high (chronic) levels on carrying capacity of CML, evaluated as significant, irreversible, direct and indirect and long term. The study lists preventive measures that can reduce negative impact to achieve considerable levels of sustainability.
The aim of the paper was an attempt at application of multiple- criteria analysis for planning public transport system. Methodological rules of an assessment of public transport systems were presented, including: defining variants and coherent family of criteria. Modelling decision-maker’s preferences and seeking the most desirable solution. The problem of an assessment of public transport systems was formulated as a multiple-criteria problem of variants ranking. Schemes of appropriate communication connections (routes) were developed in the work using GIS technology and subjected to the assessment by means of a coherent family of criteria using the decision maker’s preferences.
This article shows the characteristics of spatial differentiation of level and dynamics of socio-economic development of rural areas in Poland. The Authors try to define typical directions of the development of gminas and look for an answer to the question: what, and what gminas’ features, determine the direction of development? The analysis presented in the paper has been based on the data originating from the Rural Development Monitoring Project. The results showed the differentiation of the development level to be a part of very dynamic contemporary reality. Criteria up to this date documented in research and arranging spatial diversity of social and economic phenomena apply specifically to description of the development’s level, while dynamics is being arranged by a different criteria. Moreover, the research describes four basic profiles of the dynamics of gminas’ development.
The study was based on the conclusions about sustainable development and the spatial integration of the regions from the National Development Strategy 2020. The document was adopted at the end of 2012. The assessment of trends in the level of socio-economic development of rural and semi-urban areas in Lower Silesia was a basis to check if the convergence or divergence of the region appeared. The aim of the research is to determine whether the processes of reducing or increasing diversity of socio-economic development of rural and semi-urban areas occurred in Lower Silesia. To determine the level of socio-economic development of the communes Hellwig’s measure was used [1968]. The data source was Local Data Bank of Main Statistical Office. The results of the analysis allow to assume that in spite of new tools and instruments of local development, aimed at spatial convergence, between 2002 and 2010 there has been no convergence of rural and semi-urban areas in Lower Silesia.
National accounts and utilization of GDP by macro-economic decision-making was in the twentieth century one of the greatest inventions. The evolution of the methodology of GDP surrenders economic concepts to political goals. GDP ceases to reliably measure the economy, but rather presents the created image, with better relation of budget deficit and public debt. It provides higher contributions to international organizations which are calculated as a percentage of GDP. Such creative national accounts cannot be the basis for effective economic policy of the country. How to explain the growth of GDP, with a simultaneous increase in unemployment, increase in rates of poverty, with higher expenditures on social assistance, and higher rate of public and private indebtedness. But such a picture of Polish economy is seen in statistical data for the last six years. This article attempts to explain the lack of any correlation of GDP growth and a lack of decline in the unemployment rate in Poland.
The aim of this article is to assess the impact of social capital on socio-economic development of rural communities in the Warmia and Mazury Province. In the course of the study two synthetic indicators were calculated with the use of the TOPSIS method. One characterised social capital, the other the level of socio-economic development. The data used to determine the indicators (characterizing social capital and socio-economic development) were obtained from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and the National Electoral Commission for 67 rural communities from the Warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeship. Subsequently, linear ordering of the examined units was conducted and typological classes (I–IV) were determined, characterising the level of both analysed indicators. It was established that rural communities in the Warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeship do not show a large variation in terms of socio-economic development and social capital. Then, the relation between social capital and the level of socio-economic development was studied. As shown by statistical analysis, there is a positive, but low statistical dependence between the level of social capital and the level of socio-economic development. In turn, in the case of commune division into typological classes, compatibility was found between the discussed indicators, but only for 26 units, which constitutes only 40% of the analysed communes.
In her article, the author looks at the institutional performance of landlocked developing countries (LLDC) during 1996, 2003 and 2012 as she believes that the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms in the countries determine economic development as well as geographical issues. As an assessment of the performance of LLDC on institutional development is a complex issue which evolves over a period of time; a comparative and analytical-synthetic method is believed to be suitable for meeting the objectives of the research paper. We found out that the institutional component is underestimated in the Almaty Programme of Action (APoA) as the United Nations document addressing the special needs of LLDC. We recommend the next Programme of Action focus more on institutional reforms as far as market-friendly institutions are the primary instrument of achieving the economic prosperity of LLDC through raising a civil society, promoting a good business environment, attracting investment and improving trade efficiency.
The aim of the discussion in this paper was to identify types of gminas due to the dynamics of enterprise occurrence with respect to the level of socio-economic development. Four types of gminas were described, namely: sustainably developing, unstably developing, slowly developing ones as well as those immune to deve lopment. As a result of statistical analysis it was found out that the spatial distribution of the number of enterprises is not determined by the level of socio-economic development, which was confirmed by low correlation and low value of determination coefficient for the linear model. A low dynamics of enterprises’ development in northern Poland, and in the border gminas in the eastern and north-eastern parts of the country was noted. The map of types (models) of socio-economic development of Poland shows polarization. There is a clear division between gminas characterized by stable development, which are located mainly in the western and southern Poland, and the gminas featuring unstable development, which are located predominantly in the eastern part of Poland.
The objective of the study is to analyze regions’ potential investment attractiveness and its influence on the location of enterprises. The analysis was based on a secondary study carried out regionally in 2012 for the year 2010. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was applied in the study regarding the connection between potential investment attractiveness and enterprises’ location, measured by the number of located entities per 10 thousands residents. Correlated variables confirmed the existence of a positive connection between the variables hypothesis.
Over the recent years activities in the field of territorial marketing have been gaining in importance in Poland. Specially programmed marketing activities enable communes, districts or regions to obtain such necessary development factors as financial capital, human capital, tangible items and technology. Local authorities play a crucial role in this field as they are the main entities that prepare, organize, implement, coordinate and control all marketing activities in a certain place. In practice, such activities depend on many factors. The paper discusses promotion tools used by the communes of Mazovian Province and identifies barriers of marketing activities. Regardless of the level of socio-economic development of the communes, majority of the respondents indicated financial issues as barriers to marketing activities.
Due to the specifi c problems of the rural areas in the Małopolska Province, the measures directed at the support of their multifunctional development are of a particular importance. Such measures are one of the principal aims of the rural areas development policy. This paper is an attempt to determine the direction of the spatial allocation of the funds received in the framework of the selected measures within the Rural Development Program (PROW) in the years 2007–2013, assigned to the support of the multifunctional development of rural areas, taking into account the socio-economic development level of the communes in the rural areas of the Małopolska Province. The results of the study suggest a territorial variations in the funds’ absorption and the existence of signifi cant differences in this respect among the studied communes. However, on the level of individual communes, no relationships among the socio-economic development level of a commune and the total value of the subsidies obtained by the benefi ciaries in the commune were revealed.
Regional development has a considerable influence on forming of economic and social constituents of public policy. Experience of European Union allows to assert about forming of economic processes due to the use of structural, regional and political factors. The use of experience of EU is able to help and accelerate motion of Ukraine in direction to the economic development of Ukraine. Ukraine is traditionally considered as an agricultural country. In 1990 year the particle of agriculture in the structure of gross national product makes from 20 to 25%. Today the products of industry is about 15% GDP, here employed around 25 % of capable working population.
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