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Background: The scope of emotional competence and the definition of individual differences therein is still a matter of scientific debate. So, too, is the inclusion of emotional awareness as an important feature of emotional competence. Aim of the study: To explore levels of emotional awareness in relation to a predefined six factors model. This study will also examine the ability to measure emotional competence with empirical research. Material and methods: For this study, a self–report questionnaire (EA Q30) is used to s assesses emotional awareness in children. Here, emotional awareness is described as the “ability of people to differentiate, express, analyze and pay attention to their own emotions and those of others” emotions and those of others”. Participants were recruited as a representative group of N = 27 11-year-old children. Results: We found that scores in two dimensions –‘acting out emotions’ and ‘bodily awareness’, were lower in comparison to the other four dimensions from the emotional awareness measure. Conclusions: Individual differences in emotional awareness have shown to have a significant impact on important life outcomes for children and adolescents, including mental and physical health, successful academic behavior and achievement, and social relationships. It is important to proceed with attempts to measure emotional awareness in young people with valid empirical investigations, and to develop new models for emotional training that are capable of enhancing emotional functioning.
It is well known that our internal state affects our ability to perform everyday tasks. Some studies [6], [17] found that the admonition to live for a present is more important than we imagined. A human mind is a wandering mind, and a wandering mind is an unhappy mind [13]. The objective of the current study was to determine how living for a present relates to quality of life and functional fitness of senior cohorts (n = 38 F. mean age = 75,6 years (SD ± 9.4) that exercise regularly. Older adults completed a functional fitness test battery, quality of life and living for a present questionnaire. Living for a present was associated with age of participants, quality of life and BMI. No statistical significance was found between living for a present, functional fitness and medication use. The results support the role of living for a present as a correlate of age, BMI and quality of life. These data substantiate that living in a present could serve as an important course for better existence. In any means our study is not conclusive. Further study are needed to clarify this complex issue as living for a present no doubt represents.
Social behaviour of the bank vole was video recorded during direct encounters between individuals under natural conditions. The apparatus consisted of miniature video cameras, a system of image processing and recording, and infrared emitters. This device enabled continuous 24-h observations at several sites simultaneously. The study was conducted in an alder swamp Ribo nigri-Alnetum located in the Kampinos National Park, central Poland (52°20’N, 20°25’E). Observations were made in the late summers of 2002 and 2003 at six independent baited sites for 10 days and nights per each site. Rodents visiting the sites were individually marked by fur clipping. In sum, 13 053 visits to the sites and 1868 encounters between two marked individuals of C. glareolus were video recorded during 1440 hours of observation. It has been found that under natural conditions, bank voles most often avoided each other (55% of the encounters). In the case of close contacts they were aggressive (30%), rarely tolerant (7%), and during the remaining encounters they showed a mixed behaviour. The voles met mainly in the night (94% of the encounters) despite of 25% of their daily activity ran during the day. The frequency and character of encounters depended on the sex, age, and the origin of individuals. Encounters between males were more aggressive than between females (P <0.01). In encounters between opposite sexes, males were dominants (P <0.001). Individuals with a larger body mass were dominant in access to food (P <0.000). Cases of the dominance of juveniles over adults were interpreted as a result of the site of their origin. Social relations between individuals were characterised by persistence and repeatability in time. The results are compared with the literature describing experiments with animals kept in the laboratory or in enclosures, and field observations based on trapping techniques and telemetry
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