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Modification by chemical agents affected the sorption capacities of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We tried to characterize changes in sorption capacity of dried anaerobic sludge (DANS) after chemical modification by formaldehyde, methanol, and hydrochloric acid. Modified sludges were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, cation exchange capacity, and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) analysis. Maximum sorption capacities Qmax at pH 6.0 for Co²⁺ ions calculated from Langmuir isotherm model were 175±5 μmol/g for unmodified DANS, 170±2 μmol/g for CH₂O-modified DANS, 12±0.2 μmol/g for CH₃OH-modified DANS, and 15±0.3 μmol/g for HCl-modified DANS. Our paper established the crucial role of carboxyl functional groups against amino and hydroxyl groups in sorption process of cobalt ions.
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The main aim of the research was to determine a susceptibility of a dried sludge to a rehydration increase. The paper presents the results of investigations for a sludge which had been dried to ca. 86% of dry mass and stored in an airy place under roof during 2.5 years. As well, trials were carried out for a completely dried sludge (0% of water), stored outside under roof as well as inside in a laboratory room. To determine a maximum level of humidity increase, the results of re-hydration increase were presented for a sludge stored in conditions of capillary ascent. Additionally, a density, porosity and bulk density were determined for the investigated sludge.
The results of anaerobic treatment of molasses processing wastewater in labscale AHR are presented. The performance of the model has shown that wastewater from molasses processing in BIOPO Leopoldov is suitable for anaerobic treatment. In the reactor, anaerobic granulated biomass was cultivated. As follows from granulation process observation, intensive wash-out of the suspended biomass started at Bv= 10-12 kg/m3d. This loading is significantly higher compared to the wash-out from UASB reactors with similar dimensions and technological parameters, as separation in the AHR filter layer is more effective than the separation in UASB gasliquid-solid separators. At Bv = 13 kg/m3d the operation of AHR was completed under the following parameters: hydraulic retention time =0.34 d, sludge concentration =26,4 g/1, COD removal =89%, effluent suspended solids < 100mg/l, and effluent COD about 500 mg/1.
This paper describes chromium recovery from sludge generated while neutralising chromic wastewater. Chromium(III) hydroxide is the main component of these sludges. The recovery method is based on the transformation of chromium(III) hydroxide to chromium(VI) and was developed in our department. The method includes precipitation of the chromium(III) hydroxide and its dissolution, oxidation of chromium (III) to chromium(VI), solvent extraction and reextraction of chromium(VI). The chromium recovery yield of each procedure stage was in the range of 92 to 99%. Overall chromium recovery yield was about 90%.
A study was carried out into sedimentation of sludge obtained in the process of coagulation-flocculation of pulp and paper wastewater with the use of PAC and organic polymers. An attempt was made to evaluate the effect of various organic polyelectrolytes on phase separation effectiveness. It was found that the application of cationic polymers at a dose of 1 mg dm⁻³ and 1.5 mg dm⁻³ (Z 63 and Z 92, respectively) in combination with PAC had a positive effect on the reduction in the sludge volume when compared with the sludge volume obtained in the process of coagulation with PAC without a flocculant. It was also noted that following the application of the optimum dose of either cationic or anionic polymers the sedimentation period was considerably reduced from 60 min (sample without flocculants) to even 30-35 min.
Sewage sludge is formed during mechanical, biological and chemical sewage treatment. Composition of the sewage sludge is very complicated; it is rich in micro- and macroelements, but the sludge can contain toxic compounds and pathogenic organisms. There exist a large variety of methods of neutralization of the sewage sludge. In the present work, the sewage sludge treatment methods are described, the special attention to non-industrial methods of neutralization of the sewage sludge.
Half a year experience in sludge dosing from a water treatment plant to the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Holič is presented. Sludge from the water treatment plant containing a high percentage of iron (15 t%) in different forms was used as a coagulant. The dosing of water treatment sludge at the WWTP strengthened the water treatment effect on insoluble substances, phosphorus removal, and caused a remarkable improvement of the sedimentation properties of the wastewater treatment sludge.
The feasibility of magnetic field was examined as a factor affecting sludge conditioning intensification. In the experiment sludge after preliminary anaerobic digestion was used, coming from a domestic wastewa­ter treatment plant. Digested sludge was taken directly from a fermentation tank. The experiment was run in three phases. They were performed on a laboratory scale, at various experimental stands. Different dosages of iron chloride, hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's reagent were applied to determine their influence on the sludge properties as well as the effect of constant magnetic field on the conditioning parameters was deter­mined. Straight dependence was found between dosage of the reagents and the way of sludge introduction in the magnetic activity zone, as well as physical and chemical parameters of the prepared sludge.
Wastewater treatment based on activated sludge is known to be one of the most effective and popular wastewater purification methods. An estimation of microbial community variability in activated sludge allows us to observe the correlation between a particular bacterial group's appearance and the effectiveness of the removal of chemical substances. This research is focused on microbial community temporal changes in membrane bioreactors treating wastes containing a high level of ammonia nitrogen. Samples for this study were collected from two membrane bioreactors with an activated sludge age of 12 and 32 days, respectively. The activated sludge microbial community was adapted for the removal of ammonia nitrogen up to a level of 0.3 g NH₄⁺-N g/VSS/d (VSS - volatile suspended solids). The methods - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA gene PCR products and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 16S rRNA gene probes - revealed significant differences in the microbial community structure in the two bioreactors, caused mainly by a difference in sludge age. According to the results obtained in this study, a bioreactor with a sludge age of 12 days is characterized by a much higher microbial community diversity than a bioreactor with a sludge age of 32 days. Interestingly, the appearance of particular species of nitrifying bacteria was constant throughout the experiment in both bioreactors. Changes occured only in the case of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage bacteria. This study demonstrates that the bacterial community of bioreactors operating with different sludge ages differs in total community structure. Nevertheless, the changeability of the bacterial community structure did not have any influence on the efficiency of nitrification.
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