In order to assess the current status of the otterLutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758 in Southern Campania (Italy), we surveyed 141 sites for spraints (faeces) in 2001. Fifty-eight sites were surveyed during the winter and in the following summer in order to test, through an estimation-based approach, the influence of sampling season on species detection. Site occupation in the study area was high (69.5%) and possibly underestimated, because the survey was affected by non-detection errors. Our analyses showed that winter surveying markedly underestimated true otter occupancy at the 58 sites (51.7% vs 97.1%), whereas summer surveying was very reliable (91.4%). Rains and floods may have removed spraints during winter, thereby reducing the detection probability to 0.534. These results suggest that otter standard surveys in areas with Mediterranean-type climates should be conducted during summer or periods without prolonged precipitation. Comparing our results with those of the 1985 National survey, we found an occupancy increase from 65.8 to 100%. We could not establish whether this change reflected a population increase or was due to possible non-detection errors that occurred in the 1985 survey. However, the present occupancy substantiates the strategic relevance of the study area for planning the conservation of Italian otters.
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