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Allocation of elements in a chronosequence of silver birch afforested on former agricultural lands

100%

Gaweda T., Malek S., Zasada M.

Drewno. Prace Naukowe. Doniesienia. Komunikaty

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2014

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tom 57

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nr 192

Research on the effect of birch regeneration on changes occurring in the environment on former farmlands included a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the biomass growing on the research plots. Five experimental plots were selected in the Mazovia region: two in Dobieszyn and the Kampinos National Park and one in Kozienice. The analysis performed on each plot was concerned with the amount and chemical composition of biomass in four patches of vegetation, characterised by the different ages of the birch trees growing there. The vegetation patches were classified according to age group, i.e. I: 1–4 years old, II: 5–8 years old, III: 9–12 years old and IV: over 12 years old. Biomass samples were collected in the field and determined in kg DM/ha using the following components: roots, stem, bark,branches, assimilation apparatus, litterfall and the total biomass of the other (except birch) plants. For all the above-mentioned groups, the content of the elements N, C, S, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd was determined. This allowed us to obtain both the values of the concentrations of particular substancesand their allocation in both the organic matter and litterfall. The aim of theresearch was to discover whether the allocation of elements changes with the age of birch growing on former farmland.

2

The uses of Betula pendula Roth among Hungarian Csangos and Szekelys in Transylvania, Romania

84%

Papp N., Czegenyi D., Hegedus A., Morschhauser T., Quave C. L., Cianfaglione K., Pieroni A.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae

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2014

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tom 83

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nr 2

The aim of this work is to evaluate the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological use of Betula pendula Roth in various regions of Transylvania, in East and Central Romania. Silver birch is an important pioneer species in the country, which has traditionally been used in ethnomedicine, households and various customs. Among the ethnic groups, 55 informants from the Csángós and 68 from the Székelys were interviewed in six villages during field studies occurring between 2007 and 2012. Informants were asked questions about the medical and non-medical applications of B. pendula, focusing on the use of the leaf and woody parts in tools and customs, and on the collection and use of birch sap with its temporal change in local ethnomedicinal knowledge. Differences related to the use of birch among the studied areas were observed. The folk remedies prepared from the sap (“virics”) and leaves were documented in local customs, with similar symbolic roles assigned to birch used in other countries. Sap collection was performed during interviews and by manual means. Four special section types on the trunk were presented, and data concerning the nutritional and ethnomedicinal use of the sap was recorded. Both the significance and use of birch sap have drastically decreased in Transylvania due to the appearance of new phytotherapeutical sources and to social changes caused by migration of young people. We found that this phenomenon is gradually leading to the disappearance traditional harvesting techniques, frequency of use and ethnomedicinal knowledge concerning B. pendula in the studied regions.

3

Structure of aboveground biomass of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in the neighbourhood of Nitrogen Plant „Pulawy” S.A. in terms of use for energy purposes

84%

Listosz A.

Teka Komisji Ochrony i Kształtowania Środowiska Przyrodniczego

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2013

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tom 10

4

Content of some nutrients in Scots pine, silver birch and Norway maple in an urbanized environment

84%

Modrzewska B., Kosiorek M., Wyszkowski M.

Journal of Elementology

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2016

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tom 21

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nr 1

In the late 18th and early 19th c., a drastic reduction in the area of forests due to their excessive exploitation occurred in Europe, which gave rise to the birth of afforestation efforts. The chemical composition of plants, including trees, depends on the many biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The aim of this study was to determine the content of some nutrients in needles and bark of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), leaves and bark of silver birch (Betula pendula) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), depending on their location. The content of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium depended on a plant species, plant organ and the location of sample collection. The leaves of silver birch, compared to its bark, contained ten-fold more potassium and six-fold more phosphorus and magnesium. The content of phosphorus was the highest in silver birch leaves in the center of Olsztyn. The highest potassium content was observed in silver birch leaves and Norway maple bark in the center of Olsztyn. The calcium content was the highest in the leaves and bark of maple trees growing near State Road 51 and in the leaves of this species in the city center. The highest sodium content was detected in the leaves and bark of most tree species growing along State Road 51 and in the center of Olsztyn.

5

Impact of a fresh broadleaved forest site and fresh mixed broadleaved forest site on selected parameters and ratios of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) wood fibre structure

84%

Lachowicz H., Paschalis-Jakubowicz P.

Drewno. Prace Naukowe. Doniesienia. Komunikaty

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2014

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tom 57

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nr 193

The variability of selected ratios characterising the dimensions and shape of silver birch wood fibres was determined based on the site where the trees grow. Two sampling areas were selected, located in the Biała Podlaska Forest District in eastern Poland. Samples for testing were taken from trees approx. 45–50 years old, growing on a fresh broadleaved forest site and on a fresh mixed broadleaved forest site. On these two sites, silver birch occurs most widely as a dominant species, both in terms of stand area and volume, in Poland. A statistical analysis was performed of selected parameters of the wood fibre structure such as length, width, lumen and cell wall thickness, as well as of the wood fibre structure ratios belonging to the basic properties of fibrous pulp: the felting power, flexibility ratio, coefficient of rigidity, Runkel and Mühlsteph ratios, as well as the compactness index. It was demonstrated that the site from which birch material originates has a significant impact on the average values of: fibre length, lumen, flexibility ratio, and the coefficient of rigidity, as well as the Runkel and Mühlsteph ratios. However, analyses did not prove any major impact of the site on the average values of: fibre width and wall thickness, the felting power or the compactness index of silver birch wood.

6

Annual dynamics of natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) on a research plot located in the area of forest decline in the Silesian Beskid Mountains

84%

Ambrozy S.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

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2010

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tom 52

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nr 2

The study shows a high dynamics approximately five-year-old natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) growing on the research plot located in the fertile mountain habitat in the middle of the lower montane forest zone in the Silesian Beskid Mountains (Beskid Śląski) compared to its co-occurring species. The dynamics is expressed as a significant annual increment in height and diameter of birch trees, leading in consequence to the appearance of an older sapling phase for most regenerations of this species. This creates the possibility of early undercanopy planting of tree species adjusted to the site conditions, mainly silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).

7

Biomass dynamics in young silver birch stands on post-agricultural lands in Central Poland

84%

Zasada M., Bijak S., Bronisz K., Bronisz A., Gaweda T.

Drewno. Prace Naukowe. Doniesienia. Komunikaty

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2014

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tom 57

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nr 192

The paper analyses the production and allocation of biomass in young, spontaneoussilver birch afforestation occurring on post-agricultural lands in the Mazowszeregion (central Poland). We investigated 114 sample plots of age varying from 1 to 19 years. During the first 15 years after their establishment on abandoned farmland, the naturally regenerated silver birch stands produced on average approximately 75 tons of dry biomass per hectare. The major (50–70%) part of this biomass was stored in the tree stems and this share increased with age. The fractions of biomass in the foliage and roots decreased over time, while the share of biomass in the branches remained rather constant. The significant age-dependency of the allometric relationships suggested the need to use age-sensitive biomass expansion factors to estimate the biomass from the stem volume.

8

Suitability of silver birch bark as a natural source for cotton dyeing

84%

Radomska G., Kucharczyk N., Suszczynska W., Radomski A.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2023

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tom 123

9

Intrapopulational and interpopulational relations of Betula pendula Roth (Betulaceae) in Croatia, based on leaf morphometry

84%

Kovacic S., Simic D.

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica

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2001

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tom 43

Seven morphometric variables of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaves from 5 bioclimatic regions of Croatia were analyzed to establish the pattern of intrapopulational and interpopulational relations. As introgression in Croatia could be almost entirely excluded, this research may represent a model of a consistent B. pendula species. Leaf samples were taken from fertile and sterile shoots separately, and the analyses yielded statistically significant differences between them. There was significant variability of all variables within and between populations. The most prominent variables in evaluation of interpopulational variability of the leaves from both fertile and sterile shoots of B. pendula were the distance from the leaf base to the widest point of the lamina (at P = 0.01) and the angle of the leaf base (at P = 0.001). These variables could be used in future research on genetic diversity among populations of B. pendula.

10

Response of silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.] seedlings to experimental variation in aluminium concentration

84%

Bojarczuk K., Oleksyn J., Karolewski P., Zytkowiak R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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tom 54

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nr 2

The process of soil degradation and destabilization of forest ecosystem by industrial pollution is frequently associated with mobilization of toxic Al³⁺ ions. Both these processes exert a negative influence on tree root systems and may even result in the decline of whole forest stands. One-year-old seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) grown in pots were treated with a range of aluminum sulfate concentrations in order to test the effects of Al on growth, root structure, content of phenolic compounds and mineral nutrition of roots and foliage. Plants exposed to Al concentrations exceeding 50 mg Al dm⁻³ had reduced growth, root structure and nutrient uptake were affected, and a substantial increase of Al concentration occurred in foliage and roots. Concentration of several elements in the foliage and roots declined with increasing Al concentration, including Mg and Ca, and to a lesser extent, P, K, and Na. Most root traits such as root mass or root growth rate were more strongly affected by Al than the foliage. Changes in root Ca, Al and Ca:Al ratio, and root morphology were detected at the lowest Al concentration (50 mg Al dm⁻³) indicating usefulness of these traits as early indicators of adverse aluminum effects on plants.

11

Ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells of chlorotic and prematurely yellowed leaves of Betula pendula Rothr.

84%

Przybyl K., Idzikowska K.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae

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2003

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tom 72

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nr 4

The ultrastructure of chloroplasts was studied in mesophyll cells of the leaves of silver birch (Betula pendula) showing interveinal chlorosis or premature yellowing, in comparison with leaves without symptoms or exhibiting symptoms of natural senescence. The leaves were collected between May 26 to June 7 and additionally in the September 10-12 from the upper part of the crown, from increments of the past four years. No major difference in ultrastructure of chloroplasts was found between spongy and palisade mesophyll cells. The following senescencerelated changes were observed in chloroplasts of prematurely yellowed leaves and showing inteveinal chlorosis: reduced chloroplast size, degeneration of the membrane systems of thylakoids and increased electron density of plastoglobuli. The most electron dark globules (lipid droplets) were found together with starch grains in cells of spongy mesophyll of leaves showing interveinal chlorosis. Abnormal, spherical and rounded chloroplasts with electron-dark inside of thylakoids or the electron-dark stroma between thylakoids were found only in yellowed and chlorotic leaves in spring.

12

Changes in flowering of birch in the Czech Republic in recent 25 years (1991–2015) in connection with meteorological variables

67%

Hajkova L., Koznarova V., Mozny M., Bartosova L.

Acta Agrobotanica

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2015

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tom 68

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nr 4

The paper presents the results of long-term phenological observations of silver birch (Betula pendula) during the years 1991–2015 across the phenological network of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI – Český hydrometeorologický ústav). The data assembled over this period were used for identification of timing of generative phenophases associated with pollen release into the air: inflorescence emergence 10%, beginning of flowering 10%, beginning of flowering 50%, beginning of flowering 100%, and end of flowering. The stations are situated at altitudes from 155 m (Doksany) to 1102 m (Modrava). The average timing of beginning of flowering 10% was 8th April (Lednice = lowland station) and 14th May (Modrava = mountain station); the average timing of beginning of flowering 50% was 12th April (Lednice) and 20th May (Modrava); the average timing of beginning of flowering 100% was 18th April (Lednice) and 22nd May (Modrava), and the average timing of end of flowering was 26th April (Lednice) and 28th May (Modrava). The totals of effective temperatures above 5°C (TS5) and sums of daily precipitation were used as a bio-climatological criterion for assessment of the dependence of phenological phases on meteorological variables. The average sums of TS5 and the average sums of daily precipitation total were as follows: 61.0–80.8°C, 82.8–327.4 mm (inflorescence emergence); 105.2–106.4°C, 85.9–365.2 mm (beginning of flowering 10%); 124.8–130.8°C, 89.8–385.9 mm (beginning of flowering 50%); 144.7–158.6°C, 95.2–390.7 mm (beginning of flowering 100%); and 181.6–223.8°C, 104.7–427.4 mm (end of flowering). Synoptic situations occurring during interphase intervals were obtained – the most often found synoptic situations were B (stationary trough over Central Europe), Bp (east travelling trough), NEa (northeast anticyclonic situation), Sa (south anticyclonic situation) and SWc2 (southwest cyclonic situation moving northeast to eastwards). The period of occurrence of birch pollen in the air lasts 52 days on average and the highest concentration was recorded on 23rd April, 2003 – 2606 pollen grains/m3.

13

Chemical and microbial properties of sandy mine soils afforested with Scots pine and silver birch

67%

Chodak M., Niklinska M., Sliwinska E.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2011

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tom 20

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nr 2

The objective of this study was to compare chemical and microbial properties of sandy mine soils under young Scots pine, silver birch, and mixed pine-birch forest stands. The measured properties included the contents of organic C (Corg) and total N (Nt), the Corg-to-Nt ratio, pH, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphomonoesterase, and urease. Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) of soil bacteria were determined with BiologR test and genetic profiles with the DGGE method. Scots pine and silver birch did not affect the Corg and Nt contents in the studied mine soils. The soil under birch contained larger and more active microbial biomass than the soil under pine. Under the mixed stand, most of the microbial properties were intermediate between the pine and the birch stand. The DGGE profiling indicated different composition of soil bacteria under the birch stand compared to the other stands. Differences in CLPPs were less pronounced, probably due to functional redundancy of soil bacteria.

14

Changes in the size of pollen grains and structure of the tapetal layer in Betula pendula Roth during the maturation of pollen

67%

Krizo M., Slobodnik B.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Biological Sciences

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1997

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tom 45

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nr 2-4

15

Fungi and bacteria associated with the wet and brown wood in trunk of Betula pendula trees

67%

Przybyl K.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae

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2001

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tom 70

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nr 2

16

Effect of polluted substrate on growth and health of silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.]

67%

Bojarczuk K., Przybyl K.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2005

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tom 14

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nr 5

From May till October 1999, 1-year-old birch seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in a substrate (forest soil under a birch tree + perlite, 1:1), without and with added aluminium chloride (40 and 160 mg Al dm⁻³). The added aluminium chloride inhibited the growth of seedlings, especially of their roots. At the end of the experiment the substrate treated with aluminium chloride contained more Al and Cl than the control. In comparison with control plants, the treated plants did not differ in assimilation of Ca, Mg and K ions, but their leaves and roots contained more Al. Disease symptoms on leaves of treated seedlings were similar to those observed on birch trees growing in a contaminated area (near a phosphate fertilizer factory in Luboñ). From collected birch leaves, symptomatic and asymptomatic, 18 species of fungi were isolated. From leaves of treated seedlings and of trees growing in the polluted area some fungal species were isolated more often than from control seedlings. Those species included: Aureobasidium pullulans, Hormonema dematioides, Alternaria alternata, and Cladosporium herbarum.

17

Effect of polluted soil and fertilisation on growth and physiology of silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.] seedlings

59%

Bojarczuk K., Karolewski P., Oleksyn J., Kieliszewska-Rokicka B., Zytkowiak R., Tjoelker M. G.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

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2002

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tom 11

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nr 5

One-year-old seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) were grown in pots filled with a soil substrate that originated from an area polluted by a phosphate fertiliser factory and characterised by a high soil Al level and low Ca/Al ratio or with a substrate from an area regarded as free from toxic pollution. In addition the effect of fertilisation with a mixture of nutrients was evaluated. Birch seedlings grew slowest in the unfertilised polluted substrate. In the unfertilised polluted substrate seedlings were characterised by high biomass allocation to roots (60% vs. 30 to 40% in control or fertilised substrate), lower diversity of ectomycorrhizae and the lowest rate of root and substrate microbial respiration. Roots of seedlings grown in the polluted soil were characterised by a significantly higher level of phenolic compounds. Fertilisation of plants grown in the polluted soil accelerated their growth, and lowered RWR (g root g-1 plant) and increased biomass allocated to foliage. Our results indicate that elimination of air pollution does not decrease the toxic effect of a polluted soil. Fertilisation may improve the condition of seedlings growing in polluted soil, however it was not able to eliminate entirely the adverse effect of soil pollution.

Ograniczanie wyników

Allocation of elements in a chronosequence of silver birch afforested on former agricultural lands

The uses of Betula pendula Roth among Hungarian Csangos and Szekelys in Transylvania, Romania

Structure of aboveground biomass of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in the neighbourhood of Nitrogen Plant „Pulawy” S.A. in terms of use for energy purposes

Content of some nutrients in Scots pine, silver birch and Norway maple in an urbanized environment

Impact of a fresh broadleaved forest site and fresh mixed broadleaved forest site on selected parameters and ratios of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) wood fibre structure

Annual dynamics of natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) on a research plot located in the area of forest decline in the Silesian Beskid Mountains

Biomass dynamics in young silver birch stands on post-agricultural lands in Central Poland

Suitability of silver birch bark as a natural source for cotton dyeing

Intrapopulational and interpopulational relations of Betula pendula Roth (Betulaceae) in Croatia, based on leaf morphometry

Response of silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.] seedlings to experimental variation in aluminium concentration

Ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells of chlorotic and prematurely yellowed leaves of Betula pendula Rothr.

Changes in flowering of birch in the Czech Republic in recent 25 years (1991–2015) in connection with meteorological variables

Chemical and microbial properties of sandy mine soils afforested with Scots pine and silver birch

Changes in the size of pollen grains and structure of the tapetal layer in Betula pendula Roth during the maturation of pollen

Fungi and bacteria associated with the wet and brown wood in trunk of Betula pendula trees

Effect of polluted substrate on growth and health of silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.]

Effect of polluted soil and fertilisation on growth and physiology of silver birch [Betula pendula Roth.] seedlings