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Background. A water filtered by jug filter system (JFS) can be applied for the preparation of food products, as well as it can be directly consumed as drinking water. In the European Union, in both above-mentioned cases the quality of water filtered using JFSs has to fulfill the requirements listed in Directive 98/83/EC. However, Directive 98/83/EC sets no parametric value for silver, JFSs are not regulated under this legislative act and additionally, silver-modified activated carbon (applied in such systems) has not been approved by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Therefore, the exposure to this metal should be assessed for all JFSs containing filtration cartridges with silver-modified activated carbon, present on the retail market. Objective. A comprehensive study was conducted in order to examine the effect of JFSs (consisted of filtration oval-cartridges of the new type with silver-modified activated carbon) on the quality of filtered water regarding the released amounts of silver. Silver migration from such type of cartridges has not been examined before. The aim of work was the assessment of exposure to silver released into filtered water from silver-modified activated carbon applied in such types of JFSs. Material and methods. Silver migration from six brands of JFSs (A–F) was investigated according to British Standard BS 8427:2004 using a validated inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Results. The average daily silver concentrations in the composite samples collected on six measurement days for A, B, C, D, E and F JFSs were in the ranges of: 3.95–18.1 μg/l, 4.6–21.7 μg/l, 0.41–8.7 μg/l, 6.9–10.9 μg/l, 3.3–17.1 μg/l and 10.1–20.8 μg/l, respectively. The established grand mean concentrations of released silver from all six oval cartridges were in the range of 2.7–14.3 μg/l. The estimated Hazard Quotient (HQ) indices were in the range of 0.015–0.082 Conclusions. The estimated HQ indices were significantly lower than 1 and therefore no long-term risk for human health could be expected. All the investigated JFSs of the new type meet previously established provisional migration limit for silver from such systems – 25 μg/l.
A disk-diffusion method experiment assessed the impact of nanosilver on production of secondary metabolites (pigments) by the Fusarium culmorum fungus. Nanosilver colloidal particles in water have been obtained by the use of a method based on high voltage electric arcs between silver electrodes. The silver nanoparticles size in colloid ranged between 15 and 100 nm and 7, 35 and 70ppm concentration. Nanosilver modifies the metabolism of the researched F. culmorum strain. Coming into contact with nanosilver colloids induces more intensive mycelia pigmentation correlated with nanosilver concentration levels. The performed analysis of metabolites indicates that under the influence of nanosilver fungi biosynthesise aurofusarin more intensively and the conversion of rubrofusarin to aurofusarin is intensified as compared to the control culture. Under the influence of nanosilver F. culmorum intensively biosynthesises an unidentified dye which shares structural features with aurofusarin but which is not produced by fungi in standard cultures.
Wyczerpująco przedstawiono i omówiono dostępne dane oraz wyniki badań własnych dotyczące występowania, nagromadzania i dystrybucji srebra w owocnikach grzybów wyższych.
This paper focuses on the catalytic properties of Ag/SnO₂ for low-temperature methane oxidation. The influences of the metal loading (0.2-20 wt.% Ag), support (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO₂) and methane concentration (0.375-1.5%) in the oxidized mixture were investigated. It was observed that the optimal amount of silver in Ag/SnO₂ was 1 wt.%. Lower or higher amounts cause a loss in catalytic activity. SnO₂ was found to be undoubtedly the best support for the title reaction among all tested oxides. A mechanism of methane oxidation over Ag/SnO₂ was proposed.
Increase of genetic potential of fast growing chicken broilers to enlarge size of muscles may lead to decrease quality of the meat because of non-adequate amount of nutrient and energy, stored within the eggs, for providing optimal development. Deliver to the chicken embryo additional amount of energy as ATP or ATP attached to the nanoparticles of silver, as a transporting molecule, may promote growth and development of breast muscle. The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of Ag nanoparticles and ATP, administrated in ovo to the embryo, on the morphology of pectoral muscle. The fertilised eggs of Ross 308 (160) were divided into four groups (4 x 40 eggs): without injection (control), with injection of hydrocol-loid of Ag nanoparticles (Nano-Ag), with injection of hydrocolloid of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with injection of Nano-Ag conjugated with adenosine triphosphate (Nano-Ag/ATP). At day one of incubation, the eggs were injected into the air sac with 0.3 ml of experimental solutions. Chicken embryo morphology was evaluated according to the Hamburger-Hamilton standard stages of embryo development, furthermore, pectoral muscle was visualized by TEM. Results showed that Nano-Ag, ATP and Nano-Ag/ATP did not affect negatively growth and development. However, ultra morphology of the cross section of embryo pectoral muscles was better structured and muscle was more dense with myofibers when ATP and Ag nanoparticles were applicated. The results indicate that application of Nano-Ag and ATP in ovo can affect morphology of breast muscle, but not affecting embryo growth.
This paper presents the results of mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical studies of Zn-Pb processing waste dump stored at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The mineral composition of wastes was identified using the XRD method, the contents of Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cd, and Tl were determined using the AAS method, whereas the characteristic features of metalliferous grains were examined using the ESEM method. High geochemical mobility of these metals reduces plant succession and brings about the pollution of the former Zn-Pb ores mine areas. High contents of Zn-Pb-Fe sulfides and unstable, hydrated Pb, Fe, Pb-Fe sulfates result in distinctly raised levels of heavy metals (Zn 121,501 mg kg⁻¹, Pb 208,869 mg kg⁻¹, Cd 477 mg kg⁻¹). Various waste types and surrounding Triassic or Quaternary deposits differ significantly in mineral composition, and consequently in physical properties such as electrical conductivity of top soil horizons. This enabled using geoelectric methods for the purpose of this study, and contouring mine wastes in the polluted areas. The field geophysical survey was carried out with a high-resolution conductivity meter (Geonics EM31-MK2).
Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad oddziaływaniem współzależnym pomiędzy jonami srebra i niklu pobieranymi z podłoża przez pieczarkę dwuzarodnikową. Pieczarkę uprawiano na kompoście bez wzmocnienia solami srebra i niklu, a także wzmocnionymi solą srebra oraz jednocześnie srebra i niklu.
Initiation of tissue culture of many plant species is a very difficult stage due to appearance of many contaminations. The other problem might be a choice of media for regeneration. Initiation of grass species tissue cultures are thought to be very difficult. Therefore, a research was undertaken to evaluate the use of nano-silver particles for plant material disinfection and to estimate a medium Pennisetum alopecuroides. The plant material were buds and nodal explants that were disinfected in 2% NaOCl for 30 min or 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min. Half of the explants disinfected with NaOCl were soaked in 50, 100 or 250 mg·dm–3 Ag NPs for 1 hour. Explants not soaked in nano-silver were placed on media with Ag NPs at concentrations of 4, 8 or 16 mg·dm–3. An influence of growth regulators on Pennisetum alopecuroides was evaluated in vitro. Regenerated shoots were placed on MS media with: 3 mg·dm–3 BA + 0.3 mg·dm–3 IBA, 3 mg·dm–3 KIN + + 0.3 mg·dm–3 IAA, 1 mg·dm–3 BA + 0.1 mg·dm–3 IBA. It was observed that the use of nano-silver particles lowered the level of contamination. The best results were obtained when Ag NPs was used at concentration of 100–250 mg·dm–3 alone or as a supplementation of the media, at concentration of 4 mg·dm–3 for nodes and 16 mg·dm–3 for adventitious buds. The use of nodal explants allowed to obtain less contamination. Regeneration depended on a media content. The most regenerated shoots were obtained on the MS media supplemented with 1 mg·dm–3 BA and 0.1 mg·dm–3 IBA.
Biomedical application of silver nanoparticles has recently gained much attention. In this study, we investigated whether hydrocolloids of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) are deposited in chicken bones during embryogenesis and to what extent they can affect biochemical characteristics, mineral content, structure, and mechanical properties of bones. Hydrocolloids (0.3 ml), containing 50 ppm of nano-Ag, were injected in ovo prior to incubation of eggs. After 20 days of incubation, blood and thigh bones were isolated and analysed. Nano-Ag was deposited in embryo thigh bones, but did not affect the structure or mechanical properties of the bone. There was no effect of nano-Ag on the selected biochemical indices, but there was a tendency towards increasing mineral content, indicating that nanoparticles may influence bone mineralization. Considering that nano-Ag is absorbed by the embryo skeleton without affecting bone properties, these particles might be a good candidate for carriers of micronutrients or drugs into bones.
This paper reports the results of research on the interaction between the cytochrome f of the active cytochrome bf complex (incubated with Cd-, Zn-, and Ag-substituted plastocyanins) and Cu-plastocyanin. The presented studies show, that the metal derivatives of plastocyanin can have an influence on the photosynthetic electron transfer path: cytochrome b6fcomplex - photosystem I. The metal-substituted plastocyanins occupy the plastocyanin electron transfer site of the cytochromef The stopped-flow measurements show, that although the metal derivatives of plastocyanin do not influence the rate of cyt f - Pc electron transfer, creation of the non-electron-transfer complexes characterised by a strong binding between the cyt f and substituted plastocyanins and their slow release, dependent on the redox state of the substituted metal, results in the decrease of a turnover of the cytochrome complex.
A potentiometric procedure for cysteine thiol group concentration monitoring in media generating free radicals was developed using a thiol specific silver-mercury electrode. Electrolytic deposition of mercury on a silver wire and treatment with 20 mM cysteine in 0.5 M NaOH were used to produce the electrode. A silver-chloride electrode in saturated KCl was the reference. A glass capillary with 1 M KNO3 in 1% agarose gel was the liquid junction. The electrode responded to cysteine concentration in the range from 0.01 to 20 mM yielding a perfect linear relationship for the dependence of log [cysteine] versus electrode potential [mV], with b0 (constant) = -373.43 [mV], b1 (slope) = -53.82 and correlation coefficient r2 = 0.97. The electrode potential change per decade of cysteine concentration was 57 mV. The minimal measurable signal response was at a cysteine concentration of 0.01 mM. The signal CV amounted to 4-6% for cysteine concentrations of 0.01 to 0.05 mM and to less than 1% for cysteine concentrations of 0.5 to 20 mM. The response time ranged from about 100 s for cysteine concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1 mM to 30 s at higher cysteine concentrations. The standard curve reproducibility was the best at cysteine concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mM. In a reaction medium containing cysteine and copper(II)-histidine complex ([His-Cu]2+) solution in 55 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4 the electrode adequately responded to changes in cysteine concentration. Beside cysteine, the silver-mercury electrode responded also to thiol groups of homocysteine and glutathione, however, the Nernst equation slope was about half of that for cysteine.
The aim of the study was to determine serum essential trace, macro and industrial element levels of Angora goats according to breed and age differences. Clinically healthy (ages 2-3 and 4-5) female Angora goats of two different breeds (Eskisehir and Lalahan) were used as material at the Lalahan Livestock Research Institute. Serum aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), boron (B), barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), indium (In), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), sulfur (S), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were measured with an ICP-OES plasma optical atomic emission spectrometer. There were no statistically significant differences found in the different breeds and age groups
Zbadano zawartość metali (Cd, Pb, Ag, Cu, Zn, Mn i Fe) w owocnikach 19 gatunków grzybów z rodzaju: Pieprznik (Cantharellus), Maślak (Suillus), Podgrzybek (Xerocomus), Borowik (Boletus), Koźlarz (Leccinum) i Gołąbek (Russula) zebranych na terenie Borów Tucholskich i lasów kaszubskich w 1989 r. Metale oznaczono metodą AAS. Zbadane grzyby cechowała na ogół duża zawartość ołowiu.
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