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The influence of different doses of nitrogen applied in the sewage sludge and mineral fertilizers on the content and uptake of Mo, Fe, B, Mn, Se and Ti by willow (Salix viminalis) was investigated. In the field experiment the willow was cultivated on the objects fertilized with sewage sludge which contained the nitrogen in following doses in kg ha⁻¹: 100, 150 and 200. Also the objects with mineral nitrogen contained 150 kg N ha⁻¹, phosphorus and potassium in doses where the ratio N:P:K was equal 1:0.35:1 was used. The content of Mo and Fe in willow’s branches cultivated on the objects fertilized with sewage sludge was the highest after use of the smallest dose of nitrogen (100 kg N ha⁻¹). The content of Se, Ti and Mn in investigated biomass of willow branches was the highest after use of sewage sludge in the highest dose (200 kg N ha⁻¹). The content of boron marked in studied branches did not depend on applied fertilization. The total uptake of marked vestigial chemical elements by the biomass of willow in period 3 years of experiment was the most often highest on objects fertilized with the highest dose of sewage sludge (200 kg N ha⁻¹). The most of Fe, B and Ti taken willow cultivated in second year, however Mo, Mn and Se in third year of experiment.
Changes in shoot length during development of two hybrid cultivars and one population cultivar of oilseed sunflower were compared in 3-year trials. Effects of cultivar, climatic factors, sowing density, and fertilization on plant height were analysed. In the conducted experiments, hybrid cultivars had higher shoots than cultivar ‘Wielkopolski’ since the first studied developmental stage (star stage). However, the large plant height does not have a positive effect on their agronomic value. Results of this study show that sunflowers were the highest in 1999 at all developmental stages, which resulted from more favourable weather conditions and soil type. The lowest final plant height was recorded when sunflowers were grown on brown-earth soil. This study confirms that increased sowing density caused a stronger elongation of shoots since the earliest developmental stages.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings were exposed to flooding and activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and their isoform profiles were determined. The flooding increased ADH activities in shoots and roots of the seedlings. By day 3, the activity increased to 4 and 3 times that of the initial level for the shoots and the roots, respectively. Only two bands of ADH isoform were found in the shoots and the roots of non-induced seedling, whereas five bands were identified in those of induced seedlings.
The effect of different concentrations and activities of cytokinins on the morphogenesis of regenerated Rhododendron forrestii Balf. f. ex Diels. shoots taken from nodal segments were tested. We evaluated zeatin, zeatin riboside, izopentyladenine, izopentyladenine riboside, kinetin, kinetin riboside, benzylaminopurine, benzylaminopurine riboside. The experimental results were evaluated by mathematical methods and regression analysis describing the effect of isoprenic and aromatic type of cytokinins. On the basis of this modelling, maximum axillary shoot production was attained with medium supplemented with 2.0 mg·l⁻¹ izopentyladenine riboside, 2.0 mg·l⁻¹ benzylaminopurine and 20 g·l⁻¹ sucrose. Minimal axillary shoots were produced with kinetin and kinetin riboside.
In Crassula multicava Lam. anthocyanins are formed naturally mostly in the stem near nodes and only traces in other parts of internodes. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) applied in lanolin paste at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% on the middle part of internodes greatly stimulated anthocyanins accumulation in the internodes and in the nodes of Crassula multicava. The stimulatory effect was higher in younger tissues of the Crassula multicava stem than in older ones, and depends on the used concentration of JA-Me. The possible role of jasmonates on anthocyanins formation in Crassula multicava is discussed.
The studies were conducted in a nursery of sour cherry ‘Łutówka’ budded on Prunus mahaleb L. in the years 1993, 2000–2003, and 2013. The height of trees, the diameter of stems, and the length of lateral shoots were measured. The air temperature and precipitation higher than the long-term mean (by approximately 10 % and 28%, respectively) contributed to the increase in the stem diameter, the total length of shoots, and the number of shoots per tree. The length of lateral shoots increased from the top of the crown towards the lower parts, however, the number of feathers per tree and the mean length of shoots decreased. A strong positive relationship (r = 0.74, P < 0.05) was revealed between the stem diameter and the total length of shoots. Generally, the correlations between the type of growth of sour cherry maiden trees and morphological traits were similar to those characteristic for apple maiden trees or “knip-boom” type trees.
Axial homodromy in growing shoots of perennial plants with spiral phyllotaxis is the case when the chirality of phyllotactic pattern does not change in consecutive growth increments of the same axis. In conifers such as Picea or Abies this rule is strictly observed, except for the rare cases of discontinuous phyllotactic transitions. In Torreya, however, the chirality changes, at random, every year. The pattern of primordia packing, executed by vegetative shoot apical meristem (SAM), depends in Torreya on their identity. The primordia of bud scales are initiated in the decussate and those of needles in bijugate spiral pattern. The decussate, achiral i.e. neutral pattern always precedes the formation of new spiral pattern and thus facilitates random selection of its chiral configuration. Periodic change in organ identity cannot itself be responsible for the special behavior of Torreya, because in other conifers it also exists. There is, however, one important difference: in Torreya, when the initiation of bud scales begins at SAM, the distance between differentiated protoxylem and the initiation site gradually increases, while in other conifers it remains constant and small. In Torreya, at this phase of development, the rate of xylem differentiation and the rate of organogenesis become uncoupled. Closer anatomical examination shows that the decussate pattern in a bud scale zone develops slowly suggesting gradual decrease of the putative signal flowing acropetally from differentiated protoxylem, responsible for positioning of primordia. We hypothesize that in the absence of this signal SAM starts acting autonomously, distributing primordia according to their identity only. A constant presence of the signal in other conifers assures the continuation of the same phyllotactic pattern throughout the period of bud scale formation, despite the change in organ identity.
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