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Farmland afforestations: new goals and guidelines for Poland

100%
Zajaczkowski J., Zajaczkowski K.
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
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2009
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tom 51
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nr 1
Farmland afforestations (FAs), i. e. groups of trees and shrubs scattered in agricultural landscape, were for long considered mostly as supplementary timber resource and wind mitigation tool. The contemporary shift to other, environment- and social-related functions of FAs is discussed in the paper and example guidelines for the establishment of new FAs proposed. The concept of “farmland afforestations’ needs” is presented as a tool to incorporate FA issues in land- use planning.
2

Communities of soil microarthropods with special reference to Collembola in midfield shelterbelts

100%
Olejniczak I.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
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tom 52
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nr 2
Density of microarthropods, Collembola and Acarina were studied in 2000 in soil and litter of 7-years old shelterbelt and in nearby field sown by winter wheat in Turew (Wielkopolska Region, West Poland). Samples were taken in the shelterbelt centre and in the field at a distance of 0.5 m, 10 m and 50 m from the tree line. Collembola were analysed in soil and in litter samples placed in containers and located in different sites, Acarina only in soil samples. Density of Collembola in soil was found to be higher in the shelterbelt than in the adjacent field (P =0.003). Similar relationship was not, however, noted for insects in litter, density in open field was higher than in the shelterbelt. Density of Acarina in soil decreased gradually with the distance from the shelterbelt (P =0.007). Twenty three species of springtails were found; the highest species richness (12) was noted in shelterbelts, but also in the litter in the open field. The dominant species common for soil and litter were Isotoma notabilis in the shelterbelt while Isotomina thermophila and Isotoma viridis in the field. With the increasing distance from shelterbelt Proisotoma minuta increased its contribution to the soil community, Entomobrya multifasciata was the dominant only in litter. In the field soil, 50 m from woods, the highest share of young individuals was noted. The highest species richness of Oribatida was found in the field margin (18). The Tectocepheus velatus was the dominant species both in the shelterbelt and the field, accounted for 30–70% of the total number of individuals.
3

Soil mesofauna [Acarina and Collembola] along transects crossed shelterbelts of different age and adjacent fields

100%
Olejniczak I.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2007
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tom 55
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nr 4
The communities of soil mesofauna were studied in the year 2004 along three transects crossed shelterbelts of different age (6, 11 and 170 years old) and adjacent wheat fields at a distance of 0.5, 15 and 50 m. Studies were carried out in the Gen. D. Chłapowski Landscape Park near Turew, Western Poland (16°45’E, 52°01’W). The age of shelterbelts vegetation affected soil mesofauna of adjacent fields in a diverse way. The mean density of mites amounts 7.4 × 10³ ind. m⁻² and 2.6 × 10³ ind. m⁻² respectively for the shelterbelts and fields. Densities of Acarina communities were affected not only by the presence of a shelterbelt (P = 0.000) but also its age (P = 0.02) and the distance from it (P = 0.000), and these effects were similar in spring and autumn (P = 0.08). The mean density of springtail noted in shelterbelts of different age was 2.0 × 10³ ind. m⁻² and in the field sites 2.2 × 10³ ind. m⁻². Although the effect of the shelterbelts’ age on the density of Collembola was not found (P = 0.3), the densities were different in shelterbelts and in adjacent fields (P = 0.006) but statistical significance was found only between spring and autumn (P = 0.000). The distance from the shelterbelt influenced (though less intensely) the density of Collembola on adjacent field (P = 0.01). Eighteen species of Collembola were found in studied shelterbelts and fields. Isotoma notabilis Schäff. usually dominated in shelterbelts. Its contribution to abundance of communities varied depending on the age of shelterbelts (in 6 years old shelterbelt it constituted as many as 71% of the whole community). In 11 years old shelterbelt Schoetella ununguiculata (Tullb.), was more common than Isotoma notabilis Schäff. and in the 170 years old shelterbelt the dominant species was Onychiurus armatus (Tullb.). Friesea mirabilis (Tullb.), Proisotoma minuta (Tullb.), Isotoma notabilis or Onychiurus armatus dominated in adjacent fields though their contribution was depended on shelterbelt’s age and on the distance from it.
4

Dispersal of Harpalus rufipes [Degeer] [Carabidae] between shelterbelt and cereal field

100%
Kujawa K., Sobczyk D., Kajak A.
Polish Journal of Ecology
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2006
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tom 54
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nr 2
Former studies usually show a positive effect of landscape heterogeneity on different groups of animals occurring in crop fields but some controversies have been discovered. The aim of this study was to answer the question whether the introduction of mid-field tree belts can help to increase numbers of predatory carabids in crop fields. Distance and the direction of movements of individually marked carabids caught in traps in the shelterbelts and in the adjacent crop fields were measured during one week of July (in 2003 and 2004). Pitfall traps (N=360) were placed 2 meters apart in 30 parallel rows which formed a rectangle of 58 × 22 m divided into 5 strips (5 rows in each one). Strip A was located in the shelterbelt, the others (B-E) were placed in the field. Beetles (exclusively – Harpalus rufipes (Degeer, 1774) which predominated in both habitats) after being marked with fast drying paint (non-dissolving in water, not harmful, and using dot code) were released at the same spots where they were caught. Accordingly 1099 and 1683 individuals in both years were marked and the number of recaptured individuals was equal to 259 (24%) and 307 (18%). Proportion of recapture rate for individuals marked in particular strips ranged between 18 and 28%. Mobility of the beetles was similar in both years (15.9 m and 16.5 m; t = 0.59, df = 579, P> 0.5). Individuals marked within the shelterbelt (strip A) were in both years caught much further away (25 and 27 m) than the individuals marked in opposite strip E, located in crop field (15 and 17.5 m). Differences between the distance covered daily by insects marked in the field and in the shelterbelt were statistically significant whereas differences between distances covered within the field by insects marked in particular strips – were not significant. Only 8–9% of insects marked in the shelterbelt (strip A) was recaptured in the same strip while recapture rate for individuals marked in other strips was higher –16 to 32%. The proportion of insects marked in the field (strip B, C, D, E) and recaptured in the shelterbelt was very low (2–11%). The comparison of recapture rates between strips A and B also shows that insects move mostly from the shelterbelt to the field. As much as 30–34% of the insects marked in the shelterbelt were caught in the bordering field. Among the insects marked in the next strip B, adjacent to the shelterbelt, only 10–11% individuals were caught in the shelterbelt. Presented results indicate that dominating direction of the dispersal in the mosaic landscape is from the shelterbelt to the field.
5

Impact of the invasive species Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on vegetation in Pontic desert steppe zone [Southern Ukraine]

84%
Sudnik-Wojcikowska B., Moysiyenko I., Slim P. A., Moraczewski I. R.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2009
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tom 57
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nr 2
269-281
The Irano-Turanian species – Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) – is one of most commonly planted tree in the shelterbelts in southern Ukraine. The consequences of introduction of the species from windbreaks, into areas of different land use in west and central Pontic desert steppe zone are evaluated. The above steppe is unique on a European scale and exists only in some parts of the Black and Azovian Sea coasts. In recent years, the socio-economical crisis in Ukraine (less intensively cultivation, as well as limited grazing) has been responsible for the intensification of the spread of alien tree species outside the windbreaks. Studies were conducted in Kherson Region, in the immediate vicinity of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, where the presence of aliens is undesirable. The analysis of phytosociological material (48 relevés with and without Russian olive) collected from areas of different land use type and limited human pressure (as abandoned field, former intensively grazed solonetz and extensively grazed desert steppe vegetation) show that E. angustifolia can impede the regeneration of the desert steppe. The species creates favourable conditions for the growth of geographically and ecologically alien nithrophilous weeds.
6

Importance of midfield shelterbelts for over-wintering entomofauna [Turew area, West Poland]

84%
Karg J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
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tom 52
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nr 4
The studies on the role of recently established shelterbelts as refuges available for wintering insects were carried out in the years 1994–2002. Soil and litter samples were taken (the material being sorted manually) from five young (up to 7 years old) and two older midfield shelterbelts, from the ecotone zones and from the adjacent croplands. A high numbers (250–400 ind. m⁻²) of insects, which biomass varied between 950 and 2300 mg dry wt. m⁻², were found to overwinter in young (4–7 years old) shelterbelts. The insects formed communities (dominated by Coleoptera) represented by over 50 families. Effects of the shelterbelt’s age, the presence or absence of litter, specific composition of trees and the location of sampling plots within the shelterbelt on wintering insects are discussed.
7

Community structure of soil-litter macrofauna in shelterbelt and adjacent crop field

84%
Olechowicz E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
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2004
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tom 52
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nr 2
Studies were carried out in 1999 and 2000 in the vicinity of Turew near Poznaƒ (West Poland) and dealt with the composition, density and biomass of soil-litter macrofauna with special reference to dipteran larvae in the agricultural landscape. Sites were located on a 7- years old mid-field shelterbelt and on adjacent field with maize crop in the first and wheat crop in the second year of study and – on 9 various patches of vegetation within the mid-field shelterbelt. Studies carried out along the transect: the shelterbelt (S) – ecotone (E) – field 10 m (F 10)– field 50 m (F 50) demonstrated a decline of: 1) animal density (10 times) and biomass (30 times) of total macrofauna and (80 times) of dipteran larvae, 2) taxonomic richness and biodiversity measured with the H` index, 3) individual weight of the entire macrofauna, of dipteran larvae, saprophagous animals and predators so that the individuals became smaller with the distance from the shelterbelt, 4) similarity of macrofauna communities in terms of composition and dominance structure, with increasing distance between plots. Close relationship was found between plant cover and soil-litter macrofauna. Species composition, density, biomass and trophic structure of soil invertebrate community depended on tree or herb species. Those soil animals and especially dipteran larvae were a sensitive indicator of small-scale habitat changes.
8

Influence of the shelter-belt on the containment of amino acids bound in humic acids in various kind of soils

84%
Szajdak L., Meysner T.
Polish Journal of Soil Science
|
2002
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tom 35
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nr 1
Investigations were carried out on the composition and content of amino acids bound in humic acids (HA) isolated from mineral and mineral-organic soils under the shelter-belt (biogeochemical barrier). It was confirmed that the distance from the edge of the shelter-belt and the kind of soil on which the biogeochemical barrier is localized, exerts some considerable influence on the total amount of amino acids bound in HA. The shelter-belt appearing on mineral soils causes a decrease in the total amount of bound amino acids in major periods of sampling. A contrary occurrence was observed in mineral-organic soils.
9

Nematofauna of the shelterbelts in the agricultural landscape

84%
Wasilewska L.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
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tom 52
|
nr 2
Trophic structure, number and density of taxa, generic diversity, and maturity indices were compared for soil nematode communities inhabiting a 170-year-old shelterbelt, 6-year-old shelterbelt, and a maize field adjacent to the younger shelterbelt. The study was conducted in an area of long-term research near Turew (Wielkopolska Region, West Poland). Sampling sites in the crop field were located at distances of 0.5 m, 10 m and 50 m from the younger shelterbelt. In the soil of shelterbelts more taxa occurred in comparison with the cropland, the index of generic diversity was higher, the dominance of nematodes of the class Secernentea (r-strategists s.l.) over Adenophorea (K-strategists s.l.) was lower, community maturity indices and bacterivore maturity index were higher, and the ratio of plant parasite index to maturity index was lower, providing evidence for a more advanced stage of succession in the shelterbelts. In the maize field, fungivorous and plant feeding nematodes predominated, with a strong dominance of one of the taxa pathogenic to plants (Pratylenchus). The effect of 6-year old shelterbelt on nematode community in maize crop field was observed in the field part closest to the shelterbelt.
10

Modification of the effects of global climate change by plant cover structure in an agricultural landscape

84%
Ryszkowski L., Kedziora A.
Geographia Polonica
|
1995
|
tom 65
11

Effect of young midfield shelterbelts development on species richness of macrofungi communities and their functional structure

84%
Kujawa A., Kujawa K.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2008
|
tom 56
|
nr 1
The aim of the study was to recognize features characterizing development of macrofungi communities occurring in afforestations planted in crop fields and to evaluate the role of these habitats in conservation of macrofungi and preserve high species richness. The study was carried out in 1998–2006 and covered four shelterbelts (planted in 1993–1996) located in the area of the Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park (western part of Poland). The shelterbelts were colonized by macrofungi just after planting. During first years of their growth a total of 174 species were recorded. Species composition changed significantly between initial (1998–2000) and final (2004–2006) period of study. Similarity of macrofungi communities (expressed as the Sorensen’s index) between these two periods in studied shelterbelts ranged between 37 and 46%. In spite of high similarity in tree species composition between studied afforestations (69–80%), the communities of macrofungi differed strongly between these sampling plots (Sorensen’s index was equal to about 40%). Pattern of changes in percentage share of functional groups, i.e. parasitic, mycorrhizal and saprotrophs (humicolous, lignicolous, litterinhibiting and muscicolous ones) in individual afforestations was different but the diversity of the communities measured with the Shannon- Weaver H’ index on the basis of share of functional groups tended to increase with ageing of afforestations. On average, the share of fungi growing on soil (ectomycorrhizal and humicolous saprotrophic species) was highest among all distinguished groups. Species composition of particular functional group was changing during the study period. A species representing new groups (lignicolous saprotrophs and parasites) were appearing in some shelterbelts in successive years. There were recorded some species rare in Poland, eg. Psilocybe (Stropharia) melanosperma (Bull. ex Pers.: Fr.) Noordel., Clavariadelphus fistulosus (Holmsk.: Fr.) Corner, Thelephora caryophyllea (Schaeff.): Fr., Agrocybe arvalis (Fr.) Singer, Galerina clavata (Velen.) Kuhner, Lachnella alboviolascens (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Fr., Macrocystidia cucumis f. minor Joss, Mycena amicta (Fr.) Quel., Psilocybe (Stropharia) inuncta (Fr.: Fr.) Noordel., Trichophaea gregaria (Rehm) Boud. and Typhula filata (Pers.) Herter. Occurrence of rare and threatened species in young shelterbelts indicates that such afforestations, planted in crop fields but not treated by agricultural practices, contribute to the protection of species richness of macrofungi associated with tree communities and they are important substitute habitats for many species.
12

Nematode communities along the transect shelterbelt-ecotone-crop field

84%
Dmowska E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2007
|
tom 55
|
nr 4
The study was carried out in western Poland (Turew region) in two shelterbelts of different age (the younger – 6 years old and the older – 11 years old) planted across croplands, in adjacent fields and in the field located in deforested area (control field). Soil samples were taken twice: in the autumn and spring from the centre of each shelterbelt, from the ecotone, and in the field at a distance of 15 and 50 m from the edge of the shelterbelts. The density of nematode communities fluctuated unpredictably, in autumn it was very low and ranged from 276 to 641×10³, in spring it ranged from 388 to 1931×10³ individuals per 1 m². Most numerous trophic groups were: bacterivores, fungivores and obligate plant feeders, while facultative plant feeders, omnivores and predators achieved low level. The abundance of predators in older shelterbelt was significantly (P ≤0.05) higher than that in the younger one and decreased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt towards the field. The communities in shelterbelt and its ecotone were more diverse, which was reflected by the higher number of genera (19–31) and higher values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’(3.3 – 4.0), than those in the fields where the number of genera ranged from 15 to 25 and Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’ ranged from 2.5 to 3.5. In the younger shelterbelt and in the control field the soil food-web assessed with indices derived from analysis of nematode communities was considered as composed mainly of basal components, i.e. cosmopolitan species feeding on bacteria and fungi occurring everywhere even in degraded environments. While the food web in older shelterbelt was consisted mainly of enrichment components, i.e. bacteria feeding species of very short life cycle, with high food requirements which occur in the environment rich in bacteria). The values of Channel Index which informs about the predominant pathway of decomposition (through bacteria or fungi) showed that in majority of sites bacterial processes predominated. Only in the older shelterbelt the participation of fungal decomposition channel was higher (>50%) and increased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt towards the centre of the field. The results of Correspondence Analysis showed that first two axis explained 40.3% of the variance. The generic composition of nematode communities in the 11-years old shelterbelt differed from that in the 6-years old shelterbelt. Nematode communities inhabiting the ecotone of younger shelterbelt were very similar to the communities in the shelterbelt, while the communities in ecotone of older shelterbelt differed from those in the shelterbelts. Nematode communities inhabiting the control field were similar to those inhabiting the field adjacent to younger shelterbelt.
13

Effect of shelterbelts on adjoining cultivated fields: patrolling intensity of carabid beetles [Carabidae] and spiders [Araneae]

84%
Kajak A., Oleszczuk M.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 2
The impact of wooded shelterbelts on the patrolling intensity (number of patrolling individuals per trap, per day (NP) – activity density) of spiders and ground beetles was investigated by using pitfall traps placed in parallel rows in shelterbelt centers, along margins of wood and field, and in open wheat fields at a distance of 10 and 50 m from trees. In the shelterbelt – managed areas the biomass of patrolling (BP) arthropods (ground beetles and spiders) was lower inside the fields (F₁₀, F₅₀) than at the field margins and in the shelterbelts. The BP and individual weight increased with the age of strips. However, in the control field with no wood in the vicinity, the BP of carabid beetles was as high as inside the shelterbelts. The highest similarity between the shelterbelts and the field (BP, Morisita’s similarity index, diversity index H’, individual weight) was found in the field adjoining the youngest (aged 2 years) shelterbelt. It is concluded that similarity between permanent and cultivated ecosystems is important for successful exchange of individuals between them. In the field adjacent to young shelterbelt and in the field with no woods in the vicinity the aeronautic, agrobiont species prevail. In the fields adjacent to older shelterbelts colonization by large body-size species, characteristic for permanent ecosystems was found.
14

Thysanoptera community of midfield shelterbelts of different age

84%
Szeflinska D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 4
The density and species composition of Thysanoptera were estimated in three shelterbelts with different age located in arable land (Turew area, West Poland). It was stated, that 100 years old shelterbelts supply favorable habitats for the community of these insects: the occurrence of species connected closely with the shelterbelt and the stable species composition were found there. In the young shelterbelt (two years after planting). Thysanoptera constituted a community dynamically changing. In several (7–8) years old shelterbelt the community of these insects showed the features characteristic for community noted in 100 years old shelterbelt.
15

Biocenotic function of the mid-field woodlots in West Poland: study area and research assumptions

84%
Ryszkowski L., Karg J., Bernacki Z.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2003
|
tom 51
|
nr 3
A study of development of newly planted shelterbelts and its impact on some ecological processes (plant biomass decomposition, insects diversity enrichment, corridor effect for mammals) were conducted in Turew agricultural landscape (West Poland). The aim and general background of study was described. Study area was characterized.
16

Small mammals in two midfield shelterbelts of different age

84%
Lecki R.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 4
Small mammals were studied in two midfield shelterbelts (6–7 and 170 years old) in Turew area (west Poland). Eight species: Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. agrarius, Mus musculus, Micromys minutus, Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus were found. Species structure was significantly different between studied shelterbelts. In the old shelterbelt species characteristic for forest environments dominated. Species structure in the old shelterbelts was more stable than in the young one.
17

Butterflies [Lepidoptera] of young midfield shelterbelts

84%
Sobczyk D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 4
The study was carried out in 1999–2000 in midfield shelterbelts located in mosaic agricultural landscape near village Turew (West Poland) with the aid of transect method (total length amounted to 4520 m). Five shelterbelts (transect length – 3070 m) have been planted in 1993 and one shelterbelt (transect length – 1450 m) in 1998. All the shelterbelts have been planted on arable land. Twenty seven species of butterflies (imagines) were recorded during the study period. Pieris napi and P.rapae dominated in all shelterbelts. Their dominance in 6–7 years old shelterbelts amounted to 30 and 24%, respectively, while in younger one (1–2 years old) – 34 and 32%. Total mean density of butterflies in older shelterbelts was equal to 91.9 ind. km⁻¹ of transect (width 5 m) – and was about 40% higher than in the younger one. Lower dominance of Aphantopus hyperantus (8%) observed in 6–7 years shelterbelts (when compared to several tens years ones) was most likely caused by small share of grasses and perennial dicotyledons, which are important for this species. The butterflies recorded in shelterbelts may be assigned to four ecological groups: ubiquistic species (7 spp.), species typical for open area (10 spp.), species linked to afforestations (3 spp.) and woodland (7 spp.). In all studied shelterbelts most abundant were ubiquistic species and open areas species (Pieris rapae and P. napi) with no respect to age of shelterbelt. Also some rare species with higher environmental demands were recorded, i.e., Polyommatus amandus and Carterocephalus palaeon, which have not been previously observed in the study area.
18

Enchytraeids [Oligochaeta] in the agricultural landscape

84%
Nowak E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 2
Enchytraeids are the most important detritophages in farmlang. Their density, species composition, and body lenght were assessed in four crop fields and adjacent shelterbelts in Turew area (Wielkopolska, West Poland). The density in crop fields varied between 3000 and 13000 ind. m⁻², whereas in woodlots from 7000 to 15000 ind. m⁻². In the absence of earthworms in cultivated fields, enchytraeids contributed to 2-5% of the total biomass of soil invertebrates. Enchytraeid species living in crop fields were not specific of this habitat. The community occurring in the ecotone (between the woodlot and field) was similar to that in the crop fields with respect to the species composition, and to the youngest woodlots with respect to the abundance and body size. Over the last 25-year period, numbers and diversity (H') of enchytraeids in investigated fields did not change but the size of an average individual decreased.
19

Landscape management practices for maintenance and enhancement of ecosystem services in a countryside

67%
Kedziora A.
International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology
|
2010
|
tom 10
|
nr 2-4
The paper presents a review of research on functioning of agricultural landscape, mainly on protection of ecosystem services, carried out by the Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences in Turew in the period of 1970-2009. The paper concentrates on water balance and water pollution control and the protection of biodiversity in an agricultural landscape. The results of the researches show that the best way for maintenance ecosystem services is development of landscape complexity. Introduction of non-productive elements like shelterbelts, strips of meadows, small ponds allows for improvement of water balance, reduction of groundwater pollution even by 90% and enhancement of biodiversity.
20

Diversity partitioning of wild bee assemblages (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Apiformes) and species preferences for three types of refuge habitats in an agricultural landscape in Poland

67%
Banaszak J., Szefer P.
Polish Journal of Entomology
|
2014
|
tom 83
|
nr 3
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