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Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is an important wild edible fruits naturally grown in black sea region in Turkey. Shape attributes of twenty-one cherry laurel accessions were determined both descriptively and based on elliptic Fourier analysis first time in the literature. In the semantic evaluation, shape of most of the accessions was near to sphere. But, the results of the descriptive data showed that the accessions had different size, shape and gravimetric attributes. The accessions such as 30023, 30024 and 30027 had the highest means as to the gravimetric and size attributes, while the means of the 20043, 30028 and 30030 accessions were found to be the lowest. The sphericity data of 30019, 30028, 30030 and 30033 accessions had the highest means ranged between 96.2 and 97.8%. The cluster test divided the accessions to five subclasses. The genotypes in the 5th cluster had the highest gravimetric and size attributes than the other accessions. While the accessions in the 1st cluster were the highest sphericity mean, they had the lowest gravimetric and size attributes.
It is proposed that it is possible to identify some of the problems that had to be solved in the course of evolution for the red blood cell (RBC) to achieve its present day effectiveness, by studying the behavior of systems featuring different, partial characteristics of its membrane. The appropriateness of the RBC volume to membrane area ratio for its circulation in the blood is interpreted on the basis of an analysis of the shape behavior of phospholipid vesicles. The role of the membrane skeleton is associated with preventing an RBC from transforming into a budded shape, which could form in its absence due to curvature-dependent transmembrane protein-membrane interaction. It is shown that, by causing the formation of echinocytes, the skeleton also acts protectively when, in vesicles with a bilayer membrane, the budded shapes would form due to increasing difference between the areas of their outer and inner layers.
Computer-aiding of mathematical modeling of the carrot (Daucus carota L.) root shape. The developed method refers to computer aided mathematical modeling of the carrot root. The Bézier curves were used in mathematical model for description of the carrot root shape. Two smoothly connected Bézier curves described half of longitudinal contour of carrot root cross section. After rotation of these curves, the obtained equations were subjected to scaling. The proposed mathematical model can serve the generating the 3D solids that are similar in respect of the shape and basic dimensions of carrot roots. In mathematical model it is possible to change the values of parameters that determine basic geometric dimensions (diameters and length of root) and the root shape (coordinates of nodal and check points of the Bézier curves).
The article presents the attempt to establish connections between the shape of cones and the weight, number and colour of seeds coming from one stand. The author suggested choosing pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds of the best cultivation characteristics before extraction, paying attention to the shape of cones, and after extraction basing on the weight and colour of seeds. In addition, the author studies the distribution of dark and light seeds on cone scales.
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller has occurred in the Gulf of Gdańsk in low abundance for several years. However, in summer 1997 a significant increase in the numbers of cells was noted. In the same year a P. minimum bloom was recorded for the first time in one of the harbour basins in Gdynia, giving rise to a brown-red coloration of the water.
Background. The purpose of this study was to identify mathematical equations describing changes in a flatfish body shape along its longitudinal axis. The initial function for the description of a cross-section contour is the ellipse equation including a factor deforming the symmetry with respect to one of axes. Such equations may find their use in fisheries engineering and food-fish processing. Materials and Methods. The morphometric examination of the fish raw material was carried out in order to check whether the proposed function meets expectations and draws a curve. The model fish species used was flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.). Results. The mathematical equation describing changes in a cross-section contour of flatfish body shape along its longitudinal axis. The high value of correlation coefficients (r > 0.99) showed that a hypothetical curve matches experiment results quite well. The equation describing the shape of a flatfish body cross-section contour can be defined by means of the ellipse equation including a factor deforming the symmetry with regard to one of its axes. The function represented by equation (8) draws a curve that follows the contour of the fish cross-section. Conclusion. The shape of flounder, defined in the presently reported study may have importance for sustainable and responsible fisheries, helping to design more selective fishing gear. It can also be used in food-fish engineering for designing more effective fish-processing machinery.
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