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The process of plant selection by insects is mediated by repellents and attractants. Several compounds may be involved in this interaction. Thus intraspecific variation of the compounds concentration play an important role in the herbivory. The best tool for the characteristic of this variation is chemometrics. The strategy of the analysis with the use of literature data on terpenes and sesquiterpenes variations in Pinus caribaea needles in relation to Atta laevigata herbivory is exemplified herein. Simple cluster analysis and principal components analysis were used for the data study. Two factors were found to be sufficient to describe total variation in more than 90%. Factor 1 is responsible for repellent properties. From factor loading, the relevant chemical compounds were identified.
Preparations from rhizomes of Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (common butterbur) have a long history of use in folk medicine in treatment of several diseases as anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic drugs. Extracts from this species are of interest to researchers in the field of phytopharmacology due to their biologically active compounds, particularly two eremophilane sesquiterpenes (petasin and isopetasin), which are contained not only in rhizomes and roots, but also in leaves. Moreover, P. hybridus contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which showed hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Hence, special extracts devoid of alkaloids obtained by sub- and super-critic carbon dioxide extraction were used in the preclinical, clinical studies and phytotherapy. Our review aims to provide a literature survey of pharmacological as well as clinical trials of P. hybridus, carried out in 2000–2013. Also several studies of other species used in non-European countries have been included. Besides, the botanical description of Petasites genus and phytochemical characteristic of P. hybridus and toxicological studies of pyrrolizidine alkaloids as well as chemical profile of patented commercial extracts from rhizomes, roots and leaves of this species used in European phytotherapy have been performed. In this review, attention has also been paid to the promising and potential application of special extracts of P. hybridus not only in the prevention of migraine, treatment of allergic rhinitis symptoms, asthma and hypertension, but also in prevention and slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases developing with the inflammatory process in the CNS as a new therapeutic strategy. In fact, there is already an evidence of promising properties of P. hybridus extracts and sesquiterpens – decrease in the prostaglandins and leukotrienes release, inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity, as well as antagonism of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. In order to explain the new mechanisms of action of P. hybridus extracts in the CNS and their future application in phytotherapy of diseases with neuroinflammatory process, further studies should be performed.
Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (amur cork tree, Rutaceae), a strong tree, native to Eastern Asia, it is cultivated in Europe and America as a decorative plant. Phellodendri cortex con­tains alkaloids, limonoids, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides. It is used as antiinflammatory, antineuralgic and antidiabetic agent in stomach diseases in Far East Medicine. Air-dried fruits contain 1.9% of essential oil. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocar­bons were investigated. Hydrocarbon fractions were isolated by vacuum distillation and flash chromatography. Components of fractions were identified by GC, GC/MS, and 'H-NMR spectroscopy. Fifteen monoterpene hydrocarbons representing 72% of the oil with myrcene (67,3%) and nineteen sesquiterpene hydrocarbons representing 1 1% of the oil with ß-caryophyllene (7.0%) and germacrene D (1.6%), were identified.
This paper presents a qualitative and quantitative chromatographic analysis (GC/MS) of the lipophilic fraction extracted from leaves, inflorescences and rhizomes of Silphium perfoliatum L. collected in 1998-2000. It was shown that the extracts of leaves and inflorescences are similar in composition, containing among their main constituents: α-amyrine (up to 13.9% of total components in leaves, up to 11.3% in inflorescences), heptacosane (up to 7.1% in leaves, up to 7.6% in inflorescences), stigmasterol (up to 8.1% in leaves, up to 2.2% in inflorescences), γ-sitosterol (up to 6.9% in leaves, up to 2.2% in inflorescences), β-amyrine (up to 4.1% in leaves, up to 5.8% in inflorescences), β-caryophyllene (up to 2.6% in leaves, up to 1.5% in inflorescences), caryophyllene oxide (up to 4.4% in leaves, up to 2.9% in inflorescences), germacrene D (up to 13.8% in leaves, up to 9.7% in inflorescences) and α-pinene (up to 3.3% in leaves, up to 2.4% in inflorescences). The chemical composition of lipophilic extract of rhizomes significantly differs from that of leaves and inflorescences. The following compounds can be counted among the dominant ones occurring in rhizome extracts: diterpene of labdane type - 16-acetoxycarterochaetol (up to 45%) and sesquiterpenes - 7-b-H-silphiperfol-5-ene (up to 9.1%), 7-a-H-silphiperfol-5-ene (up to 10.7%), d-elemene (up to 7.6%), isocomene (up to 5.6%), germacrene D (up to 5.2%) and modhephene (up to 5.1%).
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