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The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) belongs to the family of Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus. The virus exists in the form of seven different serotypes: O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and multiple subtypes reflecting significant genetic variability. The FMDV genome organization is similar to that of other picornaviruses. The determination of FMDV nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis is the definitive technique for characterizing individual isolates of the virus. The paper presents information regarding genetic studies of FMDVs originating from different parts of the world.
The D1466 variant (also known as D212) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been only occasionally detected in Europe for more than 40 years since its first description in the late 1970s,. However, since 2006 increasing problems related to the D1466 genotype have been observed in most countries of western Europe. In Poland, major IBV epidemics recorded during the last 40 years have been caused by Mass, 793/B and recently QX types, whereas the viruses of the D1466 genotype have never been detected so far. Nevertheless, numerous clinical cases reported to the Department of Poultry Diseases at the National Veterinary Research Institute (Pulawy) from the field over a short recent period of time suggest that the epidemiological situation in the country has been changing rapidly. During seven months, between November 2011 and May 2012, eighteen outbreaks caused by D1466-like variants were identified in various chicken farms located far apart, in southwestern, northern and eastern Poland. Most cases concerned farms of layers and broiler breeders of different ages, in which production losses were recorded, but four cases were also detected in broiler farms. The nucleotide sequences of S1 spike gene fragments about 400 base pairs long of six Polish strains clustered together with the reference D1466 and V1397 variants, but they were different as their nucleotide identity was 86.2-99.5%, and they divided in two groups. This current epidemiological situation makes it necessary for veterinary services to consider new vaccination programmes to better protect susceptible poultry.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the most contagious disease of domesticated and wild cloven-hoofed animals, caused by a virus of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) exists as seven different serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3), which are not uniformly distributed across the globe. Six of the seven serotypes of FMD (O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3) occur in Africa, four (O, A, C, Asia 1) in Asia, and only three (O, A, C) in South America. FMD-endemic areas of the world are high-risk zones for introducing FMD to countries free of the disease. In 2010-2011 and at the beginning of 2012, FMD caused by different serotypes occurred in Asia, Africa and South America. It also occurs in Europe, in Bulgaria. Asia is still the main source of outbreaks for the Middle East and Europe. In the period considered, the dominant serotype was O, and no serotype C was observed. It is noteworthy that serotype C has not been recorded since 2004. Its disappearance has not yet been explained. This article presents key information on the outbreaks of FMD around the world based on the data from Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRL FMD).
Badano polimorfizm fragmentu genu myfA kodującgo C-końcową część białka MyfA stanowiącego główną podjednostkę strukturalną fimbrii Myf u chorobotwórczych pałeczek Yersinia enterocolitica. Badaniami objęto reprezentatywne szczepy europejskiej (bioserotyp: 2/09; 3/05,27; 4/03) i amerykańskiej (bioserotyp 1B/08) linii filogenetycznej K enterocolitica. U wszystkich badanych szczepów stwierdzono jednakową sekwencję aminokwasową C-końcowego fragmentu MyfA. Może to przemawiać za stwierdzeniem, że fimbrie Myf pełnią bardzo ważną rolę u chorobotwórczych pałeczek Y. enterocolitica, już od etapu poprzedzającego rozdział szczepów tego gatunku na dwie główne linie filogenetyczne.
A Polish strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus type О from the laboratory virus collection was used. The virus was propagated in BHK-21 monolayer cells. Total RNA was extracted by the Chomczyński and Sacchi method. A synthesis of cDNA was performed with AMV-reverse transcriptase. The first and second cDNA strands were used as a template for the amplification by PCR of the 672 bp of the VP1 coding sequence. The amplified fragment of cDNA was cloned in the phagemid pBS (+). The first DNA strand expressed in the phage M13K07 was sequenced according to the Sanger method. The nucleotide sequences were compared to the earlier data published. Genetic similarities to the Brasilian strain of FMDV O1 Campos 58 were found.
The article describes an outbreak of malignant oedema in a herd of 5 Limousin cows. It was the first outbreak of this kind noted in Poland. The infection developed in cows that had undergone difficult parturition with retained placenta and were in poor condition after being treated unsuccessfully with Oxyvet (tetracycline). Four animals become sick over a 4-month period with the following symptoms: oedema of vulvae and femoral muscles (all the sick cows died, 16% of the herd on the 3-4łh day). C. novyi A was isolated in a pure culture from muscle samples (the isolates produced lethal a and y, e toxins and two haemolysins).
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