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The determination of the anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity is a diagnostic method which has been intensively used for differentiating of recent and more distant Toxoplasma gondii infection in a single serum sample. Finding of low avidity anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies usually indicates recently acquired infection, while the presence of high avidity IgG antibodies contradicts to recently acquired infection. Recently, a number of commercial kits have been introduced for determining the avidity of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Therefore, it seemed advisable to make comparative studies in order to investigate the correspondences and discrepancies in the results obtained by the different kits. We compared and analysed the results obtained with four commercially available anti-Toxoplasma IgG avidity assays. They were expected to give well correlated results, but some differences between the kits were observed in the ranking of anti-Toxoplasma IgG avidity ("high" or "low" or "borderline"). Among others, differences in the dilution method or differences in the type, quality or quantity of the Toxoplasma antigen used in the different assays might explain the observed divergences.
Meat juice and serum samples from hares and wild boars were used in the ELISA for the examination for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies. A high correlation between meat juice ELISA and serum ELISA was obtained. All 9 meat juice samples from hares with anatomopathological lesions characteristic of brucellosis (from 8 animals Brucella was isolated) were positive in the ELISA, similarly as sera. Out of 46 remaining hares only 1 reacted positively in the meat juice ELISA and it was not confirmed by the serum ELISA and other methods. As concerns the material from wild boars 12.3% of sera (out of 933 samples) and 13.7% of meat juice samples ( out of 336) were positive in the ELISA. Among 48 serum and meat juice samples coming from the same animals, 6 samples were positive both in the serum ELISA and meat juice ELISA and 42 were negative. The meat juice ELISA proved to be a valuable method for testing both hares and wild boars for anti-Brucella antibodies.
Two ELISA kits for diagnosis of Brucella suis infections in pigs and hares were evaluated. The evaluation was performed by comparison of the results obtained in the ELISA with those in traditional serological methods. To evaluate the ELISA for testing pig sera, 100 samples from pigs from infected herds, 40 samples from pigs from doubtful herds and 18 672 sera from healthy pigs monitored for brucellosis were involved. As concerns the ELISA for testing hare sera, samples from 16 animals suspected of Brucella infection (in this number 12 hares revealed clinical or anatomopathological lesions characteristic of brucellosis), 8 samples from healthy hares and 1 120 samples from hares monitored for anti-Brucella antibodies were involved. The ELISA has proved to be more specific than the RBT when testing pig sera and more sensitive in testing both pig and hare sera. A high correlation between the ELISA and CFT was found. All 97 pig sera positive or doubtful in the CFT reacted positively in the ELISA, whereas only 1 serum out of 99 positive in the ELISA was negative in the CFT. Out of 53 sera hare sera positive in the ELISA, 51 revealed the anti-Brucella antibodies in the CFT (the remaining 2 were not tested). The ELISA proved to be a valuable and appropriate method for testing both pigs and hares for Brucella suis infections.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop and widely cultivated in northwestern provinces of Iran. During a survey in the 2015 growing season a total of 170 selected chickpea plants with general yellowing symptoms including stunting and leaf bronzing were collected. Serological Elisa and tissue blot immunoassay (TIBA) tests revealed the presence of Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV) and Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (CpCSV) as the predominant viruses in the region. Some serologically positive samples of BLRV and CpCSV were selected and rechecked by RT-PCR. Th e results of amplifi ed PCR products using a specifi c pair of primers towards the Cp gene region of the viruses were approximately 413 bp for CpCSV and 391 bp for BLRV. Results obtained from sequence comparison of BLRV (IR-F-Lor-5) isolate form two subgroups with eight other BLRV isolates from GeneBank indicating a high homology of 96% with isolates from Argentina, Germany, Tunisia, USA, Spain, and Colombia. An isolate from Norabad (Iran) (IR-Nor) had 98% homology with HQ840727 Libyan isolate. CpCSV sequence comparison with six other GeneBank isolates indicated 98% homology with isolates from Tunisia and Azerbaijan. Th e overall results of this research revealed the CpCSV and BLRV (luteoviruses) associated with the yellowing disease syndrome of chickpea crops in the surveyed region.
A group of 150 persons living in the Lublin province of eastern Poland and occupationally exposed to tick bite were examined by the immunoenzymatic ELISA test for the presence of antibodies against tick-borne Spotted Fever Group (SFG) rickettsiae. The group consisted of 75 forestry workers employed in 3 forest inspectorates and 75 agricultural workers living in 2 villages. As a control group, 43 urban dwellers living in the city of Lublin and not occupationally exposed to tick bite were examined. Among 150 persons occupationally exposed to tick bite, the presence of antibodies against SFG rickettsiae was found in 54 (36.0% of the total). In the control group, the frequency of positive findings was only 4.7%, being significantly smaller compared to the exposed group (p=0.0001). Within the exposed group, the percentage of positive results in forestry workers (50.7%) was greater than in agricultural workers (21.3%); the difference was statistically significant (p=0.0002). Also within this group, the frequency of positive findings in males(46.5%) was significantly greater than in females (21.9%) (p=0.0029). In the exposed group, the positive results tended to increase with the age of the examined persons. However, a significant relationship between age and positive findings was found only in forestry workers (c2=14.207, p=0.00264), but not in agricultural workers and total exposed workers. The frequencies of positive results in forestry workers varied significantly depending on place of work (c2=11.271, p=0.00357). Similarly, the difference between the positive reactions in agricultural workers living in 2 villages proved to be significant (34.2% vs. 8.1%; p=0.0074). The obtained results indicate that people occupationally exposed to tick bite and living in the area of eastern Poland where over half of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks harbour SFG rickettsiae, are under significantly increased risk of infection with these rickettsiae.
Our Department of General Microbiology created a wide collection of P. penneri isolates and classified most of them into 19 different O-serogroups. This work describes the classification of 12 remaining P. penneri strains. The lipopolysaccharides extracted from P. penneri strains were tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with selected O-antisera against Proteus sp. strains. Homologous and cross-reacting systems were checked in: passive immunohemolysis (PIH), inhibition of ELISA and PIH and Western blot procedure. These studies led to the qualification of tested P. penneri strains to five Proteus sp. O-serogroups, thus completing the serological classification of the whole collection.
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Diagnostic value of different serological tests for tuberculosis in Poland

72%
The aim of the study was to test the diagnostic accuracy of several serological assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in the Polish population. ELISA based assays detecting: 38kDa+LAM - MycoM, MycoA and MycoG, 38kDa - Pathozyme TB complex, 38kDa+16kDa - Pathozyme TB complex plus were used. The humoral immune response was analyzed in a group of 319 TB patients (289 adults and 30 children) and in a control group consisting of 66 sarcoidosis cases, 16 cases of mycobacterial infections other than tuberculosis, 35 lung cancer patients, and 70 healthy volunteers. Among the TB patients, there were 267 cases of pulmonary TB and 52 cases of extrapulmonary TB. Sensitivity varied between 32% (IgM) and 63% (IgA) and increased in culture positive tuberculosis and in chronic cases. Specificity was the highest for the tests based on recombinant antibodies (98%). Sensitivity of the IgG test in extrapulmonary TB was comparable with that in pulmonary TB. Overall, sensitivity of the examined tests was lower in children than in adults, but it varied depending on the age and phase of the disease. We conclude that the ELISA-based tests may be a useful tool for improving the diagnosis of TB, especially in adults and in those countries where the prevalence of culture positive and chronic cases is high.
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