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Background. Physical activity is considered to be one of the most important determinants of human health. Many authors emphasize the benefits of physical activity for elderly people – its positive influence on the functioning of many organs and systems, development of greater mobility, slowdown of the involution processes, and counteracting the effects of civilization diseases. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure of physical activity in older adults from the Lower Silesian region. Material and method. The data was collected as part of the PolSenior national program. The subjects were selected randomly in three stages. The analysis was performed on the data from questionnaires filled out by 192 men and 164 women over the age of 65 years living in the Lower Silesian region. The answers were analyzed in categories such as: age (3 groups: 65-74 years, 75-84 years and over 85 years), gender, place of residence (communities up to 20 000 and over 20 000 inhabitants) and social-occupational status (blue-collar and white-collar workers). The survey results were shown in percentage form and concerned the different types of physical activity performed, the most frequent reasons for undertaking physical activity, sports and recreational physical activity during the respondents youth, between 30 and 60 years of age and at present, as well as the constraints and reasons that prevent an active lifestyle. Results. With age the percentage of people who spend their free time actively decreases. In each age group of elderly people men declared a greater need for physical activity than women. The subjects also differed with the urban factor and socialoccupational status. Moreover, the results showed that the larger community, the better the condition created for recreation of older adults and the people whose previous profession was not connected with physical work tried to be physically active in various forms more often than ex-manual laborers. It is probable that education significantly influences an active attitude towards one’s health and proper lifestyle. Conclusions. Physical activity of seniors as a one of the basic elements of lifestyle is clearly connected with the environment in which older people live.
The scale of employment of the elderly in agriculture in the Baltic Sea Region is analysed. Classification of the countries according to the age structure of persons employed in agriculture is performed with the use of Ward’s clustering method. The diagnostic features were the percentages of persons from particular age groups employed in agriculture of a given country. The mean contributions of persons aged 50-64 and above 65 in the Baltic Sea Region are similar to those working in agriculture in all 27 EU member states. The mean percentage of the elderly (above 65 years of age) was over twice smaller in the Baltic Sea Region from the group of EU-10 countries and in Denmark than the those from the EU-15 group including Finland, Germany and Sweden. In the first group of countries also the percentage of persons aged 50-64 working in agriculture was also smaller.
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Background. The aim of this work was to assess social functioning of elderly people living in rural areas. Material and methods. The authors used own interview questionnaire to collect the data. The study was conducted in 504 citizens, older than 65 years, from eight villages. Results. Women were more frequently widowed than men, had low educational level and lived alone. As most responses showed (51.98%), the received benefits did not cover the respondents’ current needs and 5.95% of them claimed that they were insufficient. The remaining respondents, i.e. 42.06%, stated that the available resources fulfilled their needs. The respondents would also point to family’s aid (n=411; 81.55%) or spouse’s aid (n=147; 29.56%). Only 37 people benefited from social care (n=504; 7.34%), of which 24 (64.86%) claimed that the help provided by social care was insufficient. Conclusions. Old women in rural areas tend to live alone more frequently, are widowed and have lower level of education than men. The received financial benefits do not fully cover current needs of older residents of rural areas regardless of sex. Among people of over 65 years living in rural areas, the majority (81.55%) would point to family support and only 2.18% indicated social care as a source of income.
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The impact of silver tourism on rural areas

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The population of the developed world is continuously ageing. The phenomenon is predicted to represent a major challenge for the European continent, but at the same time, it also means a huge business opportunity for the economy. Experts of the European Union are already working on targeted programmes that collect and analyse the results of respective researches in order to develop alternative solutions for the 50+ age group. This new “niche” market segment had already been named “silver economy”. As the group of senior citizens affect almost all segments of the economy, marketing experts have to plan ahead to be prepared for the upcoming new consumers’ demands and preferences. Elderly people generally like to participate in tourism, thus the industry needs to keep up with their changing demands. In Hungary, there has been a significant increase in domestic rural tourism, mainly thanks to new tourism attractions and cost-effective leisure services developed with the support of EU funds. However, the sustainability of rural lifestyle requires a stabile economic background and high quality management. As of today, rural tourism is on the rise in Hungary, and will hopefully remain a success story, based on the economic benefits of the new trends of senior tourism.
The aim of work was to determine the effects of 8-week strength-endurance training program on somatic indicators in senior females. Applying bioelectrical impedance analysis method (InBODY 230 device) we evaluated the following parameters: body weight, BMI, body fat, total skeletal muscle mass, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass in left and right upper and lower extremities, trunk muscle mass, and the mineral mass in the body. To assess regularity of physical activities, variability of lifestyle and quality of life, we used a standardized survey questionnaire. The study was carried out on 29 senior citizens, of the average 70.28 years of age and BMI 26.47 kg/m². A group of active elderly women underwent an 8-week strength-endurance program, including exercises focused primarily on the development of strength abilities of the upper limbs, and secondarily on developing strength abilities of lower extremities and developing general aerobic abilities. The influence of the aerobic program induced statistically significant increase in the total skeletal muscle mass from the initial value of 22.966 kg to 23.552 kg, an increase by 0.552kg (p≤0.01) of the monitored parameter. On the contrary, the parameter of body fat percentage of the studied group showed significant decrease of the input value of 36.207%, to the output value of 35.062%, representing a change at the level of 1.145% (p ≤0.01). By assessment of changes in the muscle mass of upper limbs and the trunk, we found a statistically significant increase, which reflects a change in the total quantity of the skeletal muscle (p ≤0.005). The mineral mass in the probands increased by only 0.091 kg. However, this increase was confirmed at 0.1% level of statistical significance (p≤0.001). The above results indicate that regular performance of physical activities in groups of the elderly proves to be efficient in preventing sarcopenia, obesity and maintaining a balance of the particular tissues making up the total body composition.
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Grocery products in senior's shopping behaviour

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The objective of the paper is to identify the preference factors in the choice of shopping place by seniors and key factors infl uencing seniors decisions in grocery stores. To explore views and opinions of older people in relation to preferred place of shopping, a research sample of 126 senior participants was created. Decision factors and motives in 5 areas have been explored: price policy, product policy, staff policy, store characteristics, communication policy. As the seniors are rather multidimensional and very complex segment, three age subgroupings in the large segment of seniors were formed: seniors aged 60–69, 70–79 and 80+. The purpose of the exploration was to determine characteristics affecting store choice and shopping behaviour of older people.
It is well known that our internal state affects our ability to perform everyday tasks. Some studies [6], [17] found that the admonition to live for a present is more important than we imagined. A human mind is a wandering mind, and a wandering mind is an unhappy mind [13]. The objective of the current study was to determine how living for a present relates to quality of life and functional fitness of senior cohorts (n = 38 F. mean age = 75,6 years (SD ± 9.4) that exercise regularly. Older adults completed a functional fitness test battery, quality of life and living for a present questionnaire. Living for a present was associated with age of participants, quality of life and BMI. No statistical significance was found between living for a present, functional fitness and medication use. The results support the role of living for a present as a correlate of age, BMI and quality of life. These data substantiate that living in a present could serve as an important course for better existence. In any means our study is not conclusive. Further study are needed to clarify this complex issue as living for a present no doubt represents.
Comparative analysis of difficulty of activities performed in kitchen by people aged 40-60 and over 60 years with visual impairment in the context of furniture design. The aim of the study was to collect information concerning evaluation of difficulty of activities conducted in kitchen by people with visual impairment. Based on the questionnaire studies and direct interviews the most difficult activities to be performed in the kitchen were identified. Comparative analysis of the obtained results was conducted in order to get the description of differences in kitchen furniture design guidelines for users in two age groups: 40-60 years old and over 60 years old.
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