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Four genotypes of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo were used to make embryo culture. Embryos were excised from unripe fruits 1, 2 and 3 weeks after self-pollination. MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) basal medium was supplemented with ascorbic acid, growth regulators and 2% or 3% sucrose. Higher regeneration was achieved on medium with lower concentration of sucrose and phytohormones. Plants were regenerated from immature embryos isolated 1 week after self-pollination for C. sativus (Sm-6514) and 2 weeks after self-pollination for C. melo.
The conditions favouring self-pollination are determined for a species of Dendrobium Sw. A survey of gynostemium micromorphology in collected flowers of Dendrobium biflorum revealed two stages of a unique form of autogamy: on germination of pollen tetrads, pollen tubes reached the stigmatic region without the pollen being displaced from the anther locules. This is the first time for this type of autogamy to be reported in Dendrobium biflorum. Pollen grains germinated directly from the locules, bypassing the stigma or falling or sliding down onto the stigmatic surface. The pollen tubes were long and reached the stylar canal. On The Society Islands, differences in exposure of the habitats to weather conditions and altitude gradients influence both composition and form of the vegetation, as well as the occurrence of pollinators. The form of autogamy described here may be the usual method of pollination found on The Society Islands (and even the whole of French Polynesia), where suitable pollinators are absent and/or growth conditions stressful.
A four-year study examined the degree of self-pollination and self-fertility in the following cultivars of Ribes nigrum L.: Ben Alder, Ben Lomond, Ben Nevis, Ben Tirran, Ceres, Ojebyn, Titania and Triton. The percentage of flowers setting fruit largely depended on the cultivar and on the pollination treatment. The most fruits (over 60%) were obtained in free-pollination conditions; 44-64% fruit set occurred when flowers were pollinated with their own pollen, and ~20% after self-pollination. In cultivars Ojebyn, Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, Ben Alder, Ben Tirran and Triton, which are largely self-fertile, there was no significant difference in fruit set between own pollen and free pollination. Cultivars Ceres and Titania had the lowest degree of self-fertility (~44%). Flowers of Ben Lomond were most capable of self-pollination (~45%). All cultivars examined require pollinating insects during flowering for satisfactory yield.
In vivo and in vitro self-pollination of whole pistils of some clones of Salix viminalis enabled to obtain mature seeds containing cotyledonary embryos which after the transfer to MS medium developed into wholly formed seedlings. Pollination in vitro of placentae led to abundant pollen germination and formation of tubes which occasionally they were entering the ovules through micropyle. Fertilized ovules normally developed into germinable seeds. Distant pollination of stigmas in vivo and in vitro with pollen grains of Populus tremula, P.tomentosa, P. lasiocarpa showed the ability of pollen to germinate and to form tubes several hours after pollination. Some tubes penetrated the styles but did not enter into the placenta. When placentae were directly pollinated than pollen germinated abundantly and occasionally pollen tubes were found entering the micropyle. Embryological analysis of those ovules performed 3-5 days after pollination demonstrated the presence of globular embryos with several endosperm nuclei. The technique of in vitro placental pollination works well for Salix viminalis and it could probably be applied to other Salix species.
The experiment was carried out in a three unheated plastic tunnels in 19982000. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of flower' s heterostyly and two methods of flower pollination (self-pollination and using bumble-bee) as well as flower hormonization on the flowering and fruiting of three varieties of aubergine 'Black Beauty', 'Solara F1 and 'Epic F1" The analysis of results showed that the "eggplants formed more flowers in object with self-pollination and flower hormonization than those pollinated by bumble-bee. Regardless of the pollination way and flower hormonization, eggplants formed the highest number of flowers with long pistil and much less - with medium and short pistil. It was shown that the tendency to formation the flowers with particular type of pistil is the variety trait of eggplants. The highest number of flowers with long pistil was observed in varieties 'Solara F1' and Epic F1, and those with medium pistil - in 'Black Beauty' variety. Heterostyly phenomenon occurring in eggplant' s flowers affected the plant's fruiting. The most fruits were set from flowers with long pistils than from those with 'um and short ones. Fruits formed from long pistil flowers were characterized with significantly greater mean weight and size, than those formed from medium and short pistil ones. No significant influence of pollination method on eggplant fruit quality was ,found in three years of study. Fruits achieved due to three pollination methods were characterized with similar mean weight and diameter. Fruits with significantly larger length were achieved from flowers pollinated by bumble-bees than from self pollinated ones.
Allogamy in chasmogamous flowers of V. odorata (2n = 20) was detected using classical embryology methods and crossing experiments. 48 chasmogamous flowers left to open pollination were analysed. Out of 372 ovules normal, 8-nucleate ESs were observed in 52%; in 40% of ovules zygotes or embryos with endosperm occurred; 8% of ovules studied contained ESs in earlier stages of development. Additionally in several ovules some abnormalities concerning ES structure ahd the origin of embryos were detected. Isolation of 20 chasmogamous flower buds proved that self-fertilization did not occur without the pollen vector. Cross-pollination experiments involving both intra- and inter-population pollination showed that chasmogamous flowers yealded viable seeds after cross-fertilization. Seed germination occurs only after scarification. Scarified seeds germinated under in vitro culture conditions and developed into seedlings. Genetical structure of V. odorata populations depends on many factors discussed in this paper.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki oceny zmienności cech związanych z plonem dwóch odmian bobiku Dino i Tibo oraz wpływu wymuszonego samozapylenia na plon nasion. Oceniono płodność i żywotność pyłku w warunkach polowych i szklarniowych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że odmiana Dino przewyższała odmianę Tibo plonem oraz wartością wszystkich cech związanych z plonem nasion. Obie odmiany reagowały na samozapylenie dużym (ok. 30%) spadkiem wartości cech związanych z plonem i wykazywały podobny stopień obcozapylenia. Płodność i żywotność pyłku były wystarczające do zapylenia i zapłodnienia wszystkich kwiatków.
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