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Background. Piemontese wines are well known and valued all over the world. The most popular of them are Barolo and Barbaresco wines. However, in Poland, they are still little known and only now are being gradually introduced to a wider range of consumers. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of inorganic anions, minerals, sugars and glycerol of Piemontese wines from micro-region Langhe, classified as DOCG („Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita”, ie. controlled designation of origin guaranteed) and DOC („Denominazione di Origine Controllata”, ie. controlled designation of origin) products. Material and Methods. Seven types of red wines and one type of white wine were tested. High Performance Ion Chro­matography with conductometric detection (HPLC-CD) was used to measure the content of inorganic anions, ie. fluorides, chlorides, sulfates and phosphates. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) was used to measure the content of minerals, ie. magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, potassium, zinc and iron, while High Performance Liquid Chromatography with charged aerosol detection (HPLC-CAD) was used to measure the content of glycerol and sugars, ie. fructose, glucose and sucrose. Results. Our studies show that although Piemontese wines are characterized by a relatively low content of minerals in comparison with the wines from other regions, they contain a lot of ingredients that have beneficial effects for human health. Moreover, we observed that the studied wines contain particularly high concentration of inorganic ions – phosphates and fluorides. Furthermore, all tested red wines show far reaching similarities in their chemical properties, which is possibly a direct consequence of using in their production locally cultivated grape varieties. Conclusions. Analysis of the wines from the Piemont region, classified as DOCG, DOC, confirmed that these are dry wines of a high quality.
High quality planting material is the basis for good strawberry yields. The productivity of strawberry mother plants depends on many factors, but there is little published work on the effects of type and initial size of mother plants on the quality of daughter plants. In the presented study, strawberry mother plants (cultivar ‘Elsanta’) were grown in an unheated tunnel in plastic pots filled with peat-based substrate (5 dm3). The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of type (fresh-dug plants and frigo) and initial size (A and A+ plants) of strawberry mother plants on selected parameters of daughter plants (crown diameter, fresh and dry weight as well as number and area of leaves). The study was carried out in 2006 and 2007. Strawberry mother plants were planted in the second decade of April and daughter plants were detached in the second decade of August. All measurements were performed on the second daughter plant on the mother plant runner. Statistical analysis showed that type of mother plants had a significant effect on number of leaves in daughter plants. Daughter plants obtained from mother plants established from fresh-dug plants had the highest number of leaves. The initial size of mother plants significantly influenced the fresh and dry weight of daughter plants. Smaller mother plants (“A-size”) produced daughter plants with higher fresh and dry weight. The results obtained in the second year of the study were affected by high incidence of powdery mildew.
Background. Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment. The main routes of absorption of inorganic arsenic compounds are the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract. Arsenates both (III) and (V) are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in 55-95%, while the organic arsenic compounds in 75-85%. Arsenic poisoning leads to damage the activities and morphological changes in the stomach and intestines, causing the occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Arsenic compounds may also be the cause of the development of certain cancers (lung, skin and liver). The first changes caused by arsenic poisoning usually remain unnoticed. Arsenic affects haematological and both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It also causes changes in the organs involved in metabolism, so biochemical parameters or enzymes activity are therefore a good indicator of poisoning changes. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of protein and fat content in diet on selected biochemical blood parameters in rats. Materials and Methods. Rats (11 groups n = 88) were fed with 5 types of diet: control, low-protein, high-protein, low- fat and high-fat. Animals received water without arsenic (control group) or water with 10 or 20 μg As/mL. Results. In animals fed a low protein diets, regardless of the dose of arsenic, it was a decreasing of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose in serum observed, compared to the control group. In the groups fed with low-protein diet revealed a significantly less damage in the liver as compared to the control group. In animals fed high-protein diets and with varying addition of arsenic a significant higher concentration of various biochemical parameters were found, in comparison to the respective control groups. In animals fed the high protein diet and poisoned with 20 μg As/mL of the arsenic significantly higher liver damage were found, compared to control group. Conclusions. Symptoms of arsenic hepatotoxicity measured with enzyme activity were highest in the groups of animals fed with low-protein diet. The parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism depended mostly on diet than the dose of arsenic.
The main aim of this study was to compare selected nonspecific immunity parameters in 14 allergic and 12 healthy horses. Each animal was assessed according to the following parameters: in vitro functional capacity of phagocytic cells using the nitro blue tetrazolium chloride reduction test, both spontaneous (NBT) and zymozan stimulated (NBTs), and ingestion capacity of phagocytic cells using a phagocytic index test (IF) and percentage of phagocytosing neutrophils activity (%KF). Differences were demonstrated between the group of allergic horses, especially with severe allergy symptoms, and healthy horses in NBTs values, with higher values in healthy horses. The values of the phagocytic index were significantly higher in horses with allergy.
The aim of the present study was to assess the physiological response of growing turkeys’ duodenal surface to dietary replacement of a common dietary component – soybean meal (SBM) with a soy protein isolate (SPI), as this treatment was associated with almost complete removal of α-galactosides from the diet (from 2.44 to 0.15%). Additionally, the utilization of selected dietary ingredients upon dietary treatments was recorded. Effects of raffinose-family oligosaccharides were assessed as well in low- and high-fibre dietary environment (3.5 and 5.3% of crude fibre, respectively). This study revealed that the duodenal morphological parameters were differently affected by dietary treatments at different production stages, i.e. at 4 and 8 weeks of life. Although villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) was insignificantly decreased by high-α-galactoside treatment in younger 4-week birds, the presence of these oligosaccharides in the diet positively influenced the VCR index in 8-week turkeys. A similar tendency was observed when calcium retention was considered. Different contents of dietary crude fibre affected the physiological action of α-galactosides, including duodenal crypts depth and phosphorus retention in the 4-week birds, as well as duodenal goblet cells number and nitrogen utilization in the older turkeys. A high content of α-galactosides in the diet resulted in increased hydration of intestinal contents, but without a significant decline in the dry matter digestibility and utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. Having in mind the development and physiology of the GIT, it may preliminary be concluded that in later production stages, total withdrawal of soybean α-galactosides from turkeys’ diets does not seem to be nutritionally advisable.
The influence of water conditions on the condition and growth of tree stands has been analysed in the context of the climatic and hydrological functions forest plays. Long observational series obtained for precipitation, outflow and depths below the surface of the water table have been put together with measured increases in the breast-height diameters of Scots pines and the severity of crown defoliation observable in selected tree species growing on the Polish Lowland, in order to determine the overall scope to the reaction stand condition manifests in the face of ongoing variability of water conditions within forest. An overall improvement in the condition of stands over the last 20 years does not disguise several-year cyclicity to changes capable of shaping the situation, i.a. departures from long-term mean values for precipitation totals and groundwater levels. The condition of stands is seen to worsen in both dry and wet years. Analysis of the degree to which pine, spruce and broadleaved stands experience defoliation points to spruce stands responding most to extreme hydro-climatic conditions. Extreme situations as regards water resources were seen to involve a response over two-year time intervals in the case of coniferous stands. Unsurprisingly, optimal growing-season (June-September) precipitation totals correspond with long-term average figures, while being slightly higher for spruce (at 384 mm), than for Scots pine or broadleaved species (375 mm). The relationships reported gain confirmation in analysis of periodic change in breast-height diameter increments characterising Scots pines, whose growth is seen to depend closely, not only on precipitation, but also above all on the depth of the water table in the summer half-year. Optimal depths of the water table proved to be different, being around 20 cm below ground in the case of marshy coniferous forest, 80 cm in wet habitats, and 135 cm in fresh habitats. Depending on the possibilities for water to soak into the rooting zone of trees there were even twofold differences in measured growth increments in Scots pine (as the dominant species in Poland’s lowland habitats). The maintenance of stable water conditions (as the most variable environmental factor in forest) should be an overriding aim of management activity in this habitat. When account is taken of the influence of the state of water resources on biomass production, and then on the intensity of evapotranspiration and the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, it is seen how important it is to achieve improvements in water conditions in forests, as such an important factor in combating climate change.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F₀ and Fvj) were used in testing wild oat (Avena fatua L.) resistance/susceptibility to fluazifop and quizalofop. Measurements of the selected fluorescence parameters were carried out at two terms: 24 and 48 hours after spraying resistant and susceptible biotypes of weeds with field doses of herbicides: Fusilade Forte 150EC and Targa Super 05EC. The obtained results indicate, that chlorophyll a fluorescence differed between resistant and susceptible biotypes. From all tested parameters Fvj is adequate for indicating wild oat resistance level to fluazifop and quizalofop.
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